Your guide to making money in the multi-billion dollar marijuana industry
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| Unravelling An American Dilemma: The Demonization of Marihuana |
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Bibliography
MANUSCRIPT SOURCES National Archives: Washington National Research Center, Suitland Md. Record Group 170, Accession Number: W 170-74-005, Boxes 1-5, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937.”
GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS Brand, C. J.“Crop Plants for Papermaking.”U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, Circ. 82. Washington: GPO, Aug. 31, 1911. Congressional Record. 1927-1933. Washington: GPO. Dewey, Lyster H.“Hemp.” U. S. Department of Agriculture Yearbook 1913. Washington: GPO, 1913. ———.“The Cultivation of Hemp in the United States.”U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry - Circular No. 57.Washington: GPO, 1910. ———.“Hemp Varieties of Improved Types are Result of Selection.” U. S. Department of Agriculture Yearbook 1927. Washington: GPO, 1927. ———.“Hemp Fiber Losing Ground, Despite Its Valuable Qualities.”U. S. Department of Agriculture Yearbook 1931.Washington: GPO, 1931. Dewey, Lyster H., and Jason L. Merrill. “Hemp Hurds as Paper-Making Material.” U. S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 404.Washington: GPO, 1916. Federal Trade Commission.NEWSPRINT PAPER INDUSTRY: Letter from the chairman of the FTC - Transmitting in Response to S. Res. No. 337 (70th Cong.) A Report on Certain Phases of the Newsprint Paper Industry. 71st Cong., Sp. sess., July 8, 1930.S. Doc. 214. Mayor’s Committee on Marihuana.The Marihuana Problem in the City of New York (La Guardia Report).Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Reprint Corp. 1973. National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse. Marihuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding, The First Report of the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, and Technical Papers to the First Report. 2 vols. Washington, 1972. Veitch, F. P.“Paper Making Materials and Their Conservation.”U. S. Department of Agriculture, Circ. 41. Washington: GPO, Dec., 1908. U. S. Bureau of Narcotics.Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs. Washington: GPO, 1929-1940. ———.Regulations No. 1 Relating to the Importation, Manufacture, Production, Compounding, Sale, Dealing In, Dispensing, Prescribing, Administering, and Giving Away of MARIHUANA.Under the Act of August 2, 1937, Public, No. 238, 75th Congress, Narcotic Internal Revenue Regulations, Joint Marihuana Regulations made by the Commissioner of Narcotics and the Commissioner of the Internal revenue with the approval of the Secretary of Treasury, Effective date, October 1, 1937.Washington, 1937. U. S. Department of Agriculture. “Warns Against HEMP Exploitation.” The Official Record v. 10, no. 15, Apr. 11, 1931. U. S. Department of War. Report of Committee appointed per letter from the Governor dated April 1, 1925, for the purpose of investigating the use of Marihuana and making recommendations regarding the same. Balboa Heights, Canal Zone: December 18, 1925. U. S. House Committee on Ways and Means. Hearings on H. R. 6385. 75th Cong., 1st sess., 1937. U. S. Senate.National Pulp and Paper Requirements in Relation to Forest Conservation: Letter from the Secretary of Agriculture Transmitting in Response to Resolution No. 205 (73d Congress) a Report on National Pulp and Paper Requirements in Relation to Forest Conservation. 74th Cong., 1st sess., 1933. S. Doc. 115. U. S. Senate Subcommittee of the Committee on Finance. Taxation of Marihuana.75th Cong., 1st sess., 1937.
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H.“Revolutionizing an Industry; How Modern Machinery is Minimizing Hand Labor in Hemp Production.” Scientific American 124 (June 4, 1921): 446. Davis, Lee Niedringhaus.The Corporate Alchemists: Profit Takers and Problem Makers in the Chemical Industry. NY: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1984. “Destroy the Money Power!”The Nation 136 (Mr. 22, 1933): 306-307. Duffy, Patrick.“Money from Farm Waste.”Popular Mechanics (May 1930): 755-756. Eldridge, W. B.Narcotics and the Law. 2nd rev. ed.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967. Ellis, Ethan L.Print Paper Pendulum: Group Pressure and the Price of Newsprint.New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1948. ———.Newsprint Producers, Publishers, Political Pressures. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1960. “Facts and Fancies About Marihuana.” Literary Digest 122 (Oct. 24, 1936): 7-8. Frazier, Jack.The Great American Hemp Industry. Peterstown, West Virginia: Solar Age Press, 1991. Grinspoon, L.Marijuana Reconsidered.1st ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971, 3rd ed. Oakland, CA: Quick American Archives, 1994. Guthrie, John A.The Newsprint Industry: An Economic Analysis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1941. Hale, William J.Farmer Victorious: Money, Mart, and Mother Earth.NY: Coward-McCann, Inc., 1949. Haynes, Williams.Cellulose: The Chemical that Grows. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1953. “Hemp Waste for Paper.”Pulp Paper Magazine of Canada 4, no. 3 (Mar. 1906): 79-90. Herer, Jack. Hemp & The Marihuana Conspiracy: The Emperor Wears No Clothes. Van Nuys, California: HEMP Publishing, 1991. Higham, John.Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism 1860-1925.New York: Antheneum, 1971. Hofstadter, Richard. The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F. D. R.New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966. ———.Social Darwinism in American Thought. rev. ed.New York: George Braziller, Inc., 1955. Hunter, Dard.The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft.New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1947. Josephson, Matthew.The Robber Barons; the Great American Capitalists, 1861-1901.New York: Harcourt, Brace, & Co., 1934. ———.The Money Lords: The Great Finance Capitalists 1925-1950. New York: Weybright and Talley, 1972. Kaplan, J.Marijuana: The New Prohibition. New York: World Pub. Co., 1970. Leuchtenburg, William E.The Perils of Prosperity 1914-32. 8th impression.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963. ———.Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1963. Link, Arthur S.Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era 1910-1917. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1954. Loomis, John.“Who Owns the Daily Press?”The Nation 128 (Apr. 17, 1929): 446. Lower, George A.“Flax and Hemp: From the Seed to the Loom.”Mechanical Engineering (Feb. 26, 1937). Reprinted in Jack Herer, Hemp & The Marihuana Conspiracy: The Emperor Wears No Clothes (Van Nuys, California: HEMP Publishing, 1991), 17-18. “Making Paper Pulp from Hemp Hurds.” Scientific American 116 (Feb. 3, 1917): 127. Marijuana: Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893-1894. Silver Springs, MD: Thomas Jefferson Co., 1969. Maylon, Tim, and Anthony Henman. “No Marihuana: Plenty of Hemp.”New Scientist (Nov. 13, 1980):433-435. de Meijer, E.P.M.“Hemp Variation as Pulp Source Researched in the Netherlands.” Pulp & Paper 67, no. 7 (July 1993): 41-43. McKenna, Terence.Food of the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge: A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution. New York: Bantam Books, 1992. Mezzrow, Milton “Mezz”, and Bernard Wolfe. Really the Blues. New York: Random House, 1946. Mowry, George E.The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America 1900-1912.New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1962. Musto, David F.The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control.New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973; New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. “New Billion Dollar Crop.”Popular Mechanics 69 (Feb. 1938): 238-239. “New Uses for Old Crops.” Popular Mechanics 62 (Sept. 1934): 354-357. “Our Home Hasheesh Crop.”Literary Digest (Apr. 3, 1926): 64-65. Paddock, Paul.“Wealth from Farm Waste.”Popular Mechanics 51 (Jan. 1929): 67-70. Pecora, Ferdinand. Wall Street Under Oath: The Story of Our Modern Money Changers. New York: August M. Kelley Publishers, 1968. Ragno, Savero.“Paper from Refuse Hemp Stalks.” Pulp Paper Magazine of Canada 2, no. 10 (Oct. 1904): 291-292. Rassow, B., and A. Zschenderlein. “Nature of Hemp Wood.”Paper Trade Journal 73, no. 15 (Oct. 13, 1921): 46-48. Restak, Richard.“Brain by Design.”The Sciences 27 (Sept/Oct. 1993): 27-33. Rosenthal, Ed, ed.Hemp Today. Oakland, CA: Quick American Archives, 1994. Rukeyser, Merryle Stanley.“Is There a Power Trust?”The Nation 128 (Mr. 6, 1929): 281-283. Schafer, E. R., and F. A. Simmonds. “Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Hemp Stalks and Seed Flax Straw.”Paper Trade Journal 90, no. 20 (May 15, 1930): 67-70. Schaller, Michael.“The Federal Prohibition of Marihuana.”Journal of Social History. 4, no. 1 (Fall 1970): 61-74. Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr.The Age of Roosevelt. 3 vol. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1956. Schwalbe, E. R., and Ernest Becker. “The Chemical Composition of Flax and Hemp Chaff.” Z. Angew. Chem. 32, no. 1 (1919): 126-129. Shepherd, Jack.The Forest Killers: The Destruction of the American Wilderness.NY: Weybright and Talley, 1975. Slaughter, James B.“Marijuana Prohibition in the United States: History and Analysis of a Failed Policy.”Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems 21, no. 4 (1988): 417-474. Snow, W. B.“Quality of Paper for Permanent Use.”Paper Trade Journal 46, no. 12 (Mar. 1908). Sonnenfeld, Jeffrey A.Corporate Views of the Public Interest: Perceptions of the Forest Products Industry. Boston, MA: Auburn House Publishing Company, (Harvard Economic Study) 1981. Steen, Harold K.The U. S. Forest Service: A History. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press, 1976. Stewart, R.“Farm Waste Profits: Best Farm Relief.”Scientific American 140 (May 1929): 410-411. Strauss, Harry H.“Paper from Flax and Hemp.”Farm Chemurgic Journal no. 1 (Sept. 1937): 32-36. Todd, Laurence.“Power Control Breaks Down.”The Nation 130 (Mar. 12, 1930): 289-290. “The Myth of a Free Press.”The Nation 128 (May 15, 1929): 576. “The Press Weds the Paper Trust.” The Nation 128 (May 1, 1929): 522. Thompson, William Irwin.At the Edge of History. New York: Harper & Row, 1971. West, Clarence J.“Papermaking Properties of Flax and Hemp.” The Institute of Paper Chemistry Bibliographic Series Number 62. Appleton, Wisconsin, 1939. “Who Should Own the Newspapers?”New Republic 58 (May 15, 1929): 344-345. Williams, Michael.Americans and their Forests: A Historical Geography.New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Young, Jim.“It’s Time to Reconsider Hemp.”Pulp & Paper (June 1991). Reprinted in Jack Frazier, The Great American Hemp Industry (Peterstown, WV: Solar Age Press, 1991), 48.
About the Author
John Craig Lupien was born in Mountain View, California on March 22, 1969, to Brooks H. Lupien and Celia R. Lupien. For the first seventeen years of his life he lived in Cupertino, California. When he reached the age of eighteen, he moved to Malibu, California, where he attended Pepperdine University from 1987-1992. In the summer of 1992, John moved to Harrison, New York where he currently resides. At the moment, he is employed as research assistant at the Westchester County Records and Archives Center and is awaiting the completion of his Master of Arts degree in History.
[1]Jack Herer, The Emperor Wears No Clothes (Van Nuys,
California: HEMP Publishing, 1991) p. 25.
Herer also explains that “marihuana” is the Americanized spelling. The correct spelling is “marijuana.” To avoid confusion, the spelling which will
be used throughout this paper, will be the Americanized version,
“marihuana.”The use of “h” appears in
the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 and the records of the Federal Bureau of
Narcotics. Also see the Oxford English
Dictionary listing for “marijuana, marihuana.”
[2]Richard J.
Bonnie and Charles H. Whitebread II, The
Marihuana Conviction: A History of Marihuana Prohibition in the United States
(Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia Press, 1974) pp. 93-126;
Ernest L. Abel, Marihuana: The First
Twelve Thousand Years (New York: Plenum Press, 1980) pp. 237-247; David F.
Musto, The American Disease: Origins of
Narcotic Control (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987) Chapter 9,
“Marihuana and the FBN;” Jack Herer, Hemp
& The Marijuana Conspiracy: The Emperor Wears No Clothes (Van Nuys,
California: HEMP Publishing, 1991) pp. 15-30; Jack Frazier, The Great American Hemp Industry (Peterstown,
West Virginia: Solar Age Press, 1991) pp. 40-71; Chris Conrad, HEMP: Lifeline to the Future (Los
Angeles, California: Creative Xpressions Publications, 1993) pp. 38-55; Michael
Schaller, “The Federal Prohibition of Marihuana” Journal of Social History 4, no. 1 (1970): 61-74. National
Archives: Washington National Research Center, Suitland, Md, Record Group 170,
Accession Number: W 170-74-0005 (boxes 1-5), “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937” [Hereafter cited as “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives].
[3]The set of
conclusions which have been presented in this paragraph will be developed and
thoroughly explained in Chapter 2: “The Evolution of the Marihuana Issue in
America;” and Chapter 3: “The Final Assualt.”
[4]Herer, The Emperor, pp. 15-30; Frazier, Great American Hemp Industry, pp. 40-71;
Conrad, HEMP, pp. 38-55; “Marihuana
Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[5]The following books are the foundation of the decriminalization movement: Richard J. Bonnie and Charles H. Whitebread II, The Marihuana Conviction: A History of Marihuana Prohibition in the United States (Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia Press, 1974). Ernest L. Abel, Marihuana: The First Twelve Thousand Years (New York: Plenum Press, 1980). David F. Musto, The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973; New York: Oxford University Press, 1987). J. Kaplan, Marihuana: The New Prohibition (New York: World Pub. Co., 1970). L. Grinspoon, Marijuana Reconsidered (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971).
[6]Henry Steele
Commager, The American Mind: An
Interpretation of American Thought and Character Since the 1880’s (New
Haven: Yale University Press, 1950); George E. Mowry, The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of the Modern America 1900-1912
(Harper & Row: New York, 1958); Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F. D. R. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966); Merle Curti, The Growth of American Thought, 3rd ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1964); William E.
Leutchenburg, The Perils of Prosperity
1914-32, 8th Imp. (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1963).
[7]Ibid. Also
see Richard Hofstadter, Social Darwinism
in American Thought, rev. ed. (New York: George Brazillers, Inc., 1955).
[8]Bonnie and Whitebread, pp. 21-27.
[9]For a full explanation
of the information contained in this paragraph see the works of the
decriminalization scholars: op. cit., note 5, p. 3.
[10]The Federal Bureau of Narcotics was an independent division of the Treasury Department. [11]Bonnie and Whitebread, The Marihuana Conviction, pp. 127-153. [12]The following books comprise the second generation of legalization literature: Jack Herer, Hemp & The Marijuana Conspiracy: The Emperor Wears No Clothes (Van Nuys, California: HEMP Publishing, 1st printing 1985, 7th ed. 1991). Jack Frazier, The Great American Hemp Industry (Peterstown, West Virginia: Solar Age Press, 1991). Chris Conrad, HEMP: Lifeline to the Future (Los Angeles, California: Creative Xpressions Publications, 1993). [13]Herer, The Emperor, pp. 21-27; Conrad, HEMP, pp. 38-43. [14]Herer, The Emperor, pp. 22-27; Conrad, HEMP, pp. 39-43. [15]Herer, The Emperor, pp. 22-24. Quoting E. I. Dupont de Nemours & Company, Annual Report, 1937. [16]Herer, The Emperor, pp. 22-24; Conrad, HEMP, pp. 40-43. [17]Herer, The Emperor, pp. 24-25; Conrad, HEMP, pp. 42-43. [18]“Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[19]Congressional Record, 71st Cong., 1st sess.
(Washington, 1929) pp. 93-96, 1521-1546; John Loomis, “Who Owns the Daily
Press?” The Nation 128 (Apr. 17,
1929): 446.
[20]Congressional Record, 72nd Cong., 2nd sess. (Washington, 1933) pp. 4777-4779.
[21]Ferdinand
Pecora, Wall Street Under Oath: The Story
of Our Modern Money Changers, (New York: August M. Kelley Publishers, 1968)
pp. 5-6.
22Charles A.
Beard and Mary R. Beard, America in Midpassage, 2 vol. (New York:
The Macmillan Co., 1939) pp. 156-191.
Matthew Josephson, The Money
Lords: The Great Finance Capitalists 1925-1950. (New York: Weybright and
Talley, 1972).
[22]Lyster H.
Dewey, “Hemp,” Yearbook of the United
States Department of Agriculture, 1913, pp. 289-290. The modern names are:
bhang, ganja, hanf, hamp, hemp, chanvre, cañamo, kannab, and cannabis. Also see
Jack Herer, Hemp & The Marijuana
Conspiracy: The Emperor Wears No Clothes (Van Nuys, California: HEMP
Publishing, 1991) p. 49.
[23]Herodotus, The Histories B. 4: 71-76, trans. Aubrey
de Sélincourt, ed. A. R. Burn, (Viking Penguin, Inc.: New York, 1972) pp.
294-295.
[24]Ibid, B. 4:
71-76.Another citation occurs in B. 1:
202.Also see Ernest Abel, Marihuana: The First Twelve Thousand Years
(Plenum Press: New York, 1980) pp. 3-35; Herer, pp. 49-56; Chris Conrad, HEMP: Lifeline to the Future (Los
Angeles, California: Creative Xpressions Publications, 1993) pp. 2-22; Jack
Frazier, The Great American Hemp Industry
(Peterstown, West Virginia: Solar Age Press, 1991) pp. 1-47..
[25]Abel, Marihuana, p. 61-109; Herer, The Emperor, pp. 49-56; Conrad, HEMP, pp. 2-22.
[26]Andre Blum, The Origin of Paper (New York: R.R.
Bowker Co., 1934) p. 16. Quoted from Frazier, Great American Hemp Industry, p. 52. Also see Abel, Marihuana, pp. 7-9.
[27]William
Irwin Thompson, At the Edge of History,
(New York: Harper & Row, 1971) p. 124. Quoted from Frazier, Great American Hemp Industry, p. 52.
[28]Abel, Marihuana, pp. 61-75; Frazier, Great American Hemp Industry, p. 52. [29]Abel, Marihuana, pp. 76-91; Conrad, HEMP, pp. 23-37, 304-305.
[30]Andrew A
Wright and Lyster H. Dewey, Hemp Fiber
Production, Dec., 1933; Cornelius J. Kelly, Narcotic Agent, to James J.
Biggins, District Supervisor, Dec., 19, 1939, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,”
National Archives.
[31]Lyster H.
Dewey, “Hemp Fiber Losing Ground Despite Its Valuable Qualities,” Yearbook of the United States Department of
Agriculture, 1931, pp. 285-286.
[32]L. Ethan
Ellis, Print Paper Pendulum: Group
Pressure and the Price of Newsprint, (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University
Press, 1948), pp. 1-2.
[33]F. P.
Veitch, Paper Making Materials and their
Conservation, United States Department of Agriculture, Circ. 41 (Dec.,
1908).
[34]C. J. Brand,
“Utilization of Crop Plants in Paper Making,” Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1910, p.
338 [Italics are mine].
[35]C. J. Brand,
Crop Plants for Papermaking, United
States Department of Agriculture, Circ. 82 (Aug. 31, 1911).
[36]Savero
Ragno, “Paper from Refuse Hemp Stalks,” Pulp
Paper Magazine of Canada, 2, no.
10 (Oct. 1904): 291-292.
[37]”Hemp Waste for Paper,” Pulp Paper Magazine, Canada 4, no. 3 (Mar. 1906): 79-90.
[38]W. B. Snow,
“Quality of Paper for Permanent Use,” Paper
Trade Journal 46, no. 12 (Mar. 1908). Also see; Permanence and Durability of Paper: an annotated bibliography of the
technical literature from 1885 A. D. - 1939 A. D., U. S. Bureau of
Standards Technical Bulletin, no. 22 (Washington, 1940).
[39]L. H. Dewey
and J. L. Merrill, Hemp Hurds as
Papermaking Material, United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin No.
404 (Oct. 14, 1916).
[40]Ibid, pp. 1-6. [41]Ibid, pp. 7-9. [42]Ibid, pp. 7-9. [43]Ibid, p. 24. [44]Ibid, p. 24. [45]Ibid. p. 25. [46]Ibid, p. 25.
[47]Abstracts
appear in: Paper Mill 39, no. 44
(Oct. 28, 1916): 42-44; no 45 (Nov. 4, 1916): 12, 14, 24, 26; Pulp Paper Magazine Canada 15, no. 2
(Jan. 11, 1917): 53, 62; Paper 19,
no. 7 (Oct. 25, 1917): 18-19; Chemical
Abstracts 11: 1299. Quoting Clarence J. West, Papermaking Properties of Flax and Hemp, Bibliographic Series
Number 62, (The Institute of Paper Chemistry: Appleton, Wisconsin, 1939).
[48]Ellis, Print Paper Pendulum, p. 130.
[49]E. R.
Schwalbe and Ernest Becker, “The Chemical Composition of Flax and Hemp Chaff,” Z. Angew. Chem. 32, no. 1 (1919):
126-129; Chemical Abstracts 13: 3315.
Quoting Clarence J. West, Papermaking
Properties of Flax and Hemp
[50]B. Rassow
and A. Zschenderlein, “Nature of Hemp Wood,” Z. Angew. Chem. 34 (1921): 204-206; Paper Trade Journal 73, no. 15 (Oct. 13, 1921): 46-48; World’s Paper Trade Review 77, no. 14
(Apr. 1922): 1116, 1118; Chemical
Abstracts 16: 1150.Quoting
Clarence J. West, Papermaking Properties
of Flax and Hemp.
[51]Clarence J. West, Paper Trade Journal 73, no. 15 (Oct. 13, 1921): 46, 48.
[52]The debates
about developing alternative sources for the production of paper and similar
cellulose products started during the 69th
Cong., 2nd sess., 1927, and lasted until the 71st Cong., 1st sess.,
1929.
[53]L. H. Dewey
and J. L. Merrill, Hemp Hurds as
Papermaking Material, United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin No.
404 (Oct. 14, 1916).
[54]Savero
Ragno, “Paper from Refuse Hemp Stalks,” Pulp
Paper Magazine, Canada 2, no. 10 (Oct., 1904) : 291-292; “Hemp Waste for
Paper,” Pulp Paper Magazine, Canada
4, no. 3 (Mar., 1906): 79-90.
[55]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 2nd sess.
(Washington, 1929) pp. 1247-1255, 5050-5055.
[56]Clarence J.
West, Papermaking Properties of Flax and
Hemp, Bibliographic Series Number 62, (The Institute of Paper Chemistry:
Appleton, Wisconsin, 1939).
[57]E. R.
Schafer and F. A. Simmonds, “Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Hemp
Stalks and Seed Flax Straw,” Paper Trade
Journal 90, no. 20 (May 15, 1930): 67-70.
[58]Ibid. [59]Congressional Record, 69th Cong., 2nd sess. (Washington, 1927) p. 2260. [60]Ibid, p. 2260. [61]Ibid, pp. 2260-2263. [62]Ibid, pp. 2261-2263.
[63]L. H. Dewey
and J. L. Merrill, Hemp Hurds as
Papermaking Material, United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin No.
404 (Oct. 14, 1916) p. 6.
[64]Congressional Record, 69th Cong., 2nd sess.
Wahington, 1927) p. 2262.
[65]Congressional Record, 70th Cong. 2nd sess.
(Washington, 1929) p. 1252. Quoting
Blair Coan, “Process of Making Print Paper from Cornstalks Suppressed for
Twenty Years,” (1928).
[66]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 2nd sess.
(Washington, 1929) pp. 5053-5054. Quoting The
Kasson Call, Jan. 23, 1929.
[67]Congressional Record, 71st Cong., 1st sess.
(Washington, 1929)p. 337.
[68]Ibid, p.
1183.
[69]Ibid, pp.
1186-1187.
[70]E. R.
Schafer and F. A. Simmonds, “Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Hemp
Stalks and Seed Flax Straw,” Paper Trade
Journal 90, no. 20 (May 15, 1930): 67-70.
[71]United
States Department of Agriculture, “Warns Against HEMP exploitation,” The Official Record vol. 10, no. 15,
Apr. 11, 1931.
[72]L. H. Dewey
and J. L. Merrill, Hemp Hurds as
Papermaking Material, United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin No.
404 (Oct. 14, 1916) pp. 1-6.
[73]H. T.
Nugent, Field Supervisor, Report of
Survey: Commercialized Hemp (1934-35 crop) in the State of Minnesota, Oct.
1938,pp. 1-2, “Marihuana Tax Act of
1937,” National Archives.
[74]This
decorticating machine was created by John N. Selvig. In 1939, he was reported
to be 64 years of age and to have been employed for the past 40 years as a
research engineer by the Western Electric Company. Cornelius J. Kelley,
Narcotic Agent, to James B. Biggins, District Supervisor, Oct. 6, 1939, p. 6,
“Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[75]H. W.
Bellrose, President of the World Fibre Corporation to Elizabeth Bass, District
Supervisor, Oct. 14, 1937, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[76]H. T.
Nugent, Field Supervisor, Report of
Survey: Commercialized Hemp (1934-35 crop) in the State of Minnesota, Oct.
1938,pp. 1-2, “Marihuana Tax Act of
1937,” National Archives.
[77]Ibid, p. 3.
[78]Ibid, pp.
3-4.
[79]United
States Department of Agriculture, B. B. Robinson, Assistant Plant Breeder Bureau
of Plant Industry, to Commissioner Anslinger, Nov. 23, 1935, “Marihuana Tax Act
of 1937,” National Archives.
[80]H. T.
Nugent, Field Supervisor, Report of
Survey: Commercialized Hemp (1934-35 crop) in the State of Minnesota, Oct.
1938, pp. 4-5, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[81]Ibid, pp.
5-6.
[82]Clarence J.
West, Papermaking Properties of Flax and
Hemp, Bibliographic Series Number 62, (The Institute of Paper Chemistry:
Appleton, Wisconsin, 1939).
[83]H. T.
Nugent, Field Supervisor, Report of Survey:
Commercialized Hemp (1934-35 crop) in the State of Minnesota, Oct. 1938,
pp. 5-6, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[84]Ibid, pp.
6-7.
[85]Ibid, p. 7.
[86]B. B.
Robinson, Bureau of Plant Industry, to Commissioner Anslinger, Nov. 23, 1935,
“Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives. Also see: H. T. Nuggent, Field Supervisor, to Commissioner
Anslinger, Nov. 12, 1938, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives. The
president of the Nebraska Fiber Corporation was Dr. J. M. Johnson. It was organized
in 1935 for the purpose of cultivating and selling hemp to processors. In the
spring of 1935, the compnay contracted for 4000 acres to be grown amog local
farmers. The harvest was successful, bu afterwards the company was unable to
find a purchaser. This development probably influenced the company’s decision
to cease its operations the following year.
[87]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 2nd sess.
(Washington, 1929) pp. 3011-3013. The company was the Cornstalks Products
Company, Danville, Illinios.
[88]Cornelius J.
Kelly, Narcotic Agent, to James J. Biggins, District Supervisor, Decortication of Hemp, Danville, Illinois,
Oct. 6, 1939, pp. 4-5, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives. Also see: B. B. Robinson, Bureau of Plant
Industry, to Commissioner Anslinger, Nov. 23, 1935, “Marihuana Tax Act of
1937,” National Archives.
[89]Cornelius J.
Kelly, Narcotic Agent, to James J. Biggins, District Supervisor, Decortication of Hemp, by Matt Rens Hemp
Co., Brandon, Wis., Dec. 19, 1939, p. 6, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,”
National Archives.
[90]Cornelius J. Kelly, Narcotic Agent, to James J. Biggins, District Supervisor, Decortication of Hemp, Danville, Illinois, Oct. 6, 1939, pp. 4-5, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives. Also see: B. B. Robinson, Bureau of Plant Industry, to Commissioner Anslinger, Nov. 23, 1935, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[91]Ernest L.
Abel, Marihuana: The First Twelve
Thousand Years (New York: Plenum Press, 1980) pp. 122-132.
[92]Ibid.
[93]Jack Herer, Hemp & The Marijuana Conspiracy: The
Emperor Wears No Clothes, (Van Nuys, California: HEMP Publishing, 1991) pp.
61-62. In 1860 cannabis was listed as a treatment for: neuralgia, nervous
rheumatism, mania, whooping coughs, asthma, chronic bronchitis, muscular
spasms, tetanus, epilepsy, infantile convulsions, palsy, uterine hemorrage,
dysmenorrhea, hysteria, withdrawl from alcohol, and loss of appetite.
[94]Mrs. Seymour
Gertrude to Commissioner Anslinger (taken from 1937 folder), “Marihuana Tax Act
of 1937,” National Archives.Mrs. Gertrude
informed Commissioner Anslinger of the existence of U. S. Department of
Agriculture Farmer’s Bulletin No. 663 (1915), which told farmers how to
cultivate hemp and opium poppies for pharmaceutical purposes. Commissioner
Anslinger had this document censored.
[95]Chris
Conrad, HEMP: Lifeline to the Future
(Los Angeles, California: Creative Xpressions Publications, 1993) pp. 15-16;
Abel, Marihuana, pp. 170-185; Herer, The Emperor, pp. 11, 31-32, 61-62.
[96]David F.
Musto, The American Disease: Origins of
Narcotic Control (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987) p. 216.
[97]Richard J.
Bonnie and Charles H. Whitebread II, The
Marihuana Conviction: A History of Marihuana Prohibition in the United States
(Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia Press, 1974) p. 51.
[98]Ibid, p. 33.
[99]Ibid, p. 38.
[100]Abel,
Marihuana, pp. 203-204, 212-213.
[101]Bonnie
and Whitebread, The Marihuana Conviction,
p. 33.
[102]Ibid,
p. 37.
[103]“Our
Home Hasheesh Crop,” Literary Digest
89 (1926): 64.
[104]Bonnie
and Whitebread, The Marihuana Conviction,
p. 37.Under the stipulations of the
Pure Food and Drug Act the Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry at the Department
of Agriculture was responsible for overseeing the Act’s importation
restrictions.
[105]Bonnie
and Whitebread, The Marihuana Conviction,
p. 37.
[106]Ibid,
p. 55.
[107]Ibid,
p. 54. Original source: Reginald Smith,
Report of Investigation in the State of Texas, Particularly along the Mexican
Border, of the Traffic in, and Consumption of the Drug Generally known as
‘Indian Hemp’ or Cannabis Indica, Known in Mexico and States Bordering the Rio
Grande as ‘Marihuana’; sometimes also referred to as ‘Rosa Maria,’ or ‘Juanita’
filed by R. F. Smith to Dr. Alsberg, Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry,
Department of Agriculture, Apr. 13, 1917.
[108]Abel,
Marihuana, p. 205-207.
[109]United
States Department of War, Report of
Committee appointed per letter from the Governor dated April 1, 1925, for the
purpose of investigating the use of Marihuana and making recommendations
regarding the same. Balboa Heights, Canal Zone: December 18, 1925.
[110]Abel,
Marihuana, pp. 214-220; Bonnie and
Whitebread, The Marihuana Conviction,
pp. 42-47; Herer, The Emperor, pp.
65-68; Conrad, HEMP, pp. 55, 197-198;
“Facts and Fancies about Marihuana,” Literary
Digest 122 (Oct. 24, 1936): 7-8..
[111]Ibid.
[112]Abel,
Marihuana, p. 148. Hashish had been
reintroduced into the West by Napoleon during his Egyptian campaign. Silvestre
de Sacy, one of the three scientists Napoleon included on his expedition, was
the first Westerner to conduct experiments with hashish. Based on his
observations, de Sacy noted that hashish could induce ecstasy, delirium,
insanity, and even death
[113]Ibid,
pp. 151-153.
[114]Abel,
Marihuana, pp. 148-149; Bonnie and
Whitebread, The Marihuana Conviction,
pp. 143-145.
[115]Abel,
Marihuana, pp. 172-175.
[116]Two
examples: A. E. Fossier, “The Marihuana Menace,” New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal 44 (1931); E. Stanley,
“Marihuana as a developer of Criminals,” American
Journal of Police Science 2 (1931). Quoted from Abel, pp. 216-217.
[117]Bonnie
and Whitebread, The Marihuana Conviction,
p. 56.
[118]Ibid,
pp. 56-59.
[119]Herer,
The Emperor, p. 22.
[120]Bonnie
and Whitebread, The Marihuana Conviction,
p. 65-66.
[121]Ibid,
pp. 79-82.
[122]Ibid,
p. 84-92.
[123]Ibid,
pp. 77-76.
[124]Christian Science Monitor, Sept. 12,
1931. Quoting Bonnie and Whitebread, The
Marihuana Conviction,pp. 76-77.
[125]Christian Science Monitor, Oct. 3, 1931.
Quoting Bonnie and Whitebread, The
Marihuana Conviction,pp. 76-77.
[126]New York Times, Sept. 16, 1931, 37:2.
[127]Bonnie
and Whitebread, The Marihuana Conviction, p. 85.
[128]Dr.
Lyster H. Dewey and Dr. Andrew H. Wright, Hemp
Fiber Production, Dec. 1933, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National
Archives.
[129]Dr.
Andrew H. Wright to Commissioner Anslinger, Mar. 28, 1934; Dr. Lyster H. Dewey
to Commissioner Anslinger, Apr. 5, 1934, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National
Archives.
[130]Commissioner
Anslinger to Dr. Andrew H. Wright, Apr. 7, 1934, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,”
National Archives.
[131]Michael Schaller, “The Federal Prohibition of Marihuana,” Journal of Social History, v. 4, no. 1 (Fall 1970): 65. Also see: Bonnie and Whitebread, The Marihuana Conviction, p. 98.Quoting from two public statements made by the Bureau, one which appeared in 1933 and the other in 1936.The 1933 statement explained the need for a Uniform Narcotic Drug Law and emphasized international obligations of the United States, the need for more effective coordination in law enforcement, and the impact the law would have on the incidence of morphine, cocaine, and opium addiction. In his latter statement, however, Commissioner Anslinger demonstrated the Bureau’s new emphasis as he devoted more than half his time to a discussion of the ‘worst evil of all,’ the marihuana problem. The statement from 1933: “Official Statement on the Need for Uniform Narcotic Drug Act,” Federal Bureau of Narcotics White Paper circulated to all legislators, July 1933. The statement from 1936: H. J. Anslinger, “The Need for Narcotic Eductation,” speech over NBC, 24 Feb. 1936.
[132]Bonnie
and Whitebread, The Marihuana Conviction,
pp. 94-100. The authors cite a combination of the following rationale as the
motivating force behind the final assualt of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics
against marihuana: “1) bureaucratic exigencies; 2) moral crusade; 3) the Bureau
believed its own propaganda.” p. 94.
[133]Ibid,
pp. 94-100. The evidence cited by Bonnie and Whitebread to support this
contention dated from 1935 and 1936. As such, the emergence of the Bureau’s
final assualt against marihuana was preceded chronologically by their awareness
of the new developments in the hemp industry.
[134]M.
A. McCall, Assistant Chief of the Bureau of Plant Industry, to Helen Howell
Moorehead, Secretary of the League of Nations Opium and Dangerous Drugs
Advisory Committee, Foreign Policy Association, May, 22, 1935, “Marihuana Tax Act
of 1937,” National Archives.
[135]Ibid.
This document was the earliest dated evidence in the collection: “Marihuana Tax
Act of 1937,” National Archives, to suggest that the Federal Bureau of
Narcotics was aware of the new developments in the hemp industry.
[136]Check the Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature under: Farm Wastes: 1920-37. Three articles which represent this body of literature: Paul Paddock, “Wealth from Farm Waste,” Popular Mechanics 51 (Jan, 1929): 67-70; Patrick Duffy, “Money from Farm Waste,” Popular Mechanics 53 (May, 1930): 755-56; “New Uses for Old Crops,” Popular Mechanics 62 (Sept., 1934): 354-57.
[137]The
debates began during the 69th Cong., 2nd sess., and concluded during the 71st Cong., 1st sess.
[138]United
States Department of Agriculture, “Warns Against HEMP exploitation,” The Official Record, vol. 10, no. 15,
Apr. 11, 1931.
[139]H.
T. Nugent, Field Supervisor, Report of
Survey: Commercialized Hemp (1934-35 crop) in the State of Minnesota, Oct.
1938 p. 2, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[140]H.
W. Bellrose, President of the World Fibre Corporation, to Elizabeth Bass,
District Supervisor, Chicago, Illinois, Oct. 12, 1937, “Marihuana Tax Act of
1937,” National Archives.
[141]B.
B. Robinson, Bureau of Plant Industry, to Commissioner Anslinger, Nov. 23,
1935, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[142]B.
B. Robinson, Bureau of Plant Industry, to Commissioner Anslinger, Feb. 26,
1937, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[143]F.
D. Richey, Bureau of Plant Industry, to Commissioner Anslinger, Dec. 31, 1937,
“Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[144]B.
B. Robinson, Bureau of Plant Industry, to Commissioner Anslinger, Nov. 23,
1935, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[145]B.
B. Robinson, Bureau of Plant Industry, to Commissioner Anslinger, Feb. 26,
1937, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[146]F.
D. Richey, Bureau of Plant Industry, to Commissioner Anslinger, Dec. 31, 1937,
“Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[147]Commissioner
Anslinger to B. B. Robinson, Bureau of Plant Industry, 1935, “Marihuana Tax Act
of 1937,” National Archives.
[148]This
file is presently lost.Interview
between author and Drug Enforcement Agency Freedom of Information Specialist,
Feb. 1994.
[149]“Ind.
Tech. Sec.” Paper Trade Journal v. 101 (July-Dec., 1935). Also see “Ind. Tech.
Sec.” Paper Trade Journal v. 102-106 (1936-1938).
[150]Commissioner
Anslinger to Elizabeth Bass, District Supervisor, Sept. 28, 1936, “Marihuana
Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[151]Elizabeth
Bass, District Supervisor, to Commissioner Anslinger, Sept. 30, 1936,
“Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[152]Elizabeth
Bass, District Supervisor, to Commissioner Anslinger, Oct. 6, 1936, “Marihuana
Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[153]Commissioner
Anslinger to Elizabeth Bass, District Supervisor, Nov. 2, 1936, “Marihuana Tax
Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[154]Elizabeth
Bass, District Supervisor, to Commissioner Anslinger, Nov. 3, 1936, “Marihuana
Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[155]Elizabeth
Bass, District Supervisor, to Commissioner Anslinger, Nov. 5, 1936, “Marihuana
Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[156]Ibid.
[157]Elizabeth
Bass, District Supervisor, to Commissioner Anslinger, Nov. 6, 1936, “Marihuana
Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
The Chicago Tribune article
was attached to the communication and its author was Frank Ridgway.
[158]It
is possible that any further information regarding the experimental work
involving the Chicago Tribune would
have been filed away in the 1936 general file which is presently lost.
[159]L.
F. Dixon, Champagne Paper Corporation, to Dr. Robinson, Bureau of Plant
Industry, Jan. 18, 1937, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[160]Commissioner
Anslinger to A. F. Sievers, Senior Biochemist United States Department of
Agriculture, Feb. 2, 1937, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[161]G.
P. Smith, Attorney at Law, Mankato, Minnesota to The Hon. Elmer J. Smith,
Congressman Minnesota, June 12, 1937, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National
Archives.
[162]Ibid.
[163]Commissioner
Anslinger to The Hon. Elmer J. Ryan, June 29, 1937, “Marihuana Tax Act of
1937,” National Archives.
[164]Michael
Schaller, “The Federal Prohibition of Marihuana,” Journal of Social History, v. 4, no. 1 (Fall 1970) p. 66.
[165]U.
S. Bureau of Narcotics, Traffic in Opium
and Other Dangerous Drugs for the Year Ended December 31, 1937 (Washington,
1938) p. 51.
[166]Richard
J. Bonnie and Charles H. Whitebread II, The
Marihuana Conviction: A History of Marihuana Prohibition in the United States
(Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia Press, 1974) p. 94. Also see
op. cit. note 129.
[167]Jack
Herer, Hemp & The Marijuana
Conspiracy: The Emperor Wears No Clothes (Van Nuys, California: HEMP
Publishing, 1991) p. 27; “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives. The
file appeared to consist of a folder labelled “CRIME.”
[168]Herer,
The Emperor, pp. 21-26; Schaller,
“The Federal Prohibition of Marihuana,” pp. 65-74; Bonnie and Whitebread, pp.
92-126; Ernest Abel, Marihuana: The First
Twelve Thousand Years (New York: Plenum Press, 1980) pp. 237-247; Chris
Conrad, Hemp: Lifeline to the Future
(Los Angeles, California: Creative Xpressions Publications, 1993) pp. 38-55.
[169]Bonnie
and Whitebread, The Marihuana Conviction,
pp. 103-112.
[170]Ibid,
pp. 103-112.
[171]
“Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives. In a series of correspondence, which continued from 1935 to 1937
George Halliday, a New York-based jounalist, expressed his dismay to the Bureau
regarding the exploitation of the marihuana issue by certain morality groups
such as the General Federation of Women. According to Halliday, there was no
truth to the sensationalistic accounts of marihuana’s evils being proliferated
by these organizations. Halliday expressed the desire to publish a truthful
account and contacted the Bureau since he figured that they would be interested
in the truth. However, he was wrong on this point. The Commissioner politely
informed Halliday that the Bureau had no need for such help.
[172]Schaller,
“The Federal Prohibition of Marihuana,” p. 67.
[173]Herer,
The Emperor, p. 27; Schaller, “The
Federal Prohibition of Marihuana,” p. 66; Bonnie and Whitebread, The Marihuana Conviction, pp. 127-153;
Conrad, HEMP, pp.46-48.
[174]Bonnie
and Whitebread, The Marihuana Conviction,
pp. 148-149.
[175]Schaller,
“The Federal Prohibition of Marihuana,” p. 74.
[176]Bonnie
and Whitebread, The Marihuana Conviction,
pp. 127-153.
[177]The
two bill were: S. 1615, Senator Carl A. Hatch, New Mexico; H. R. 6145,
Congressman John J. Dempsey, New Mexico.
[178]Bonnie
and Whitebread, The Marihuana Conviction,
p. 119.
[179]Ibid,
pp. 119-124.
[180]League
of Nations Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs,
Report prepared by Dr. J. Bouquet [O.C. 1542 (0)], 17 Feb. 1937.
[181]Ibid,
pp. 33-34.
[182]Ibid,
p. 33.
[183]Ibid, p. 40.
[184]U.
S. Senate, Hearings on the Taxation of
Marihuana Before a Subcommittee of the Senate on Finance, 75th Cong., 1st sess.
(Washington, 1937) p. 12.
[185]U.
S. Congress, Hearings Before the House
Committee on Ways and Means on H. R. 6385, 75th
Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, 1937) p. 92. Quoting Schaller, p. 71.
[186]Schaller,
“Thr Federal Prohibition of Marihuana,” p. 71.
[187]U.
S. Congress, Hearings Before the House
Committee on Ways and Means on H. R. 6385, 75th
Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, 1937); U. S. Senate, Hearings on the Taxation of Marihuana Before a Subcommittee of the Senate
on Finance, 75th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, 1937); “Marihuana Tax Act of
1937,” National Archives:Series of
correspondence between the Federal Bureau of Narcotics and the various
commercial concerns in the hemp industry.
[188]Herer,
The Emperor, p. 26. Information from
an interview between Jack Herer and Jerry Colby, author of Du Pont Dynasties, (Lyle Steward, 1984).
[189]Regulations No. 1 Relating to the
Importation, Manufacture, Production, Compounding, Sale, Dealing In,
Dispensing, Prescribing, Administering, and Giving Away Of MARIHUANA, Under the Act of August 2, 1937,
Public, No. 238, 75th Congress, Narcotic
Internal Revenue Regulations, Joint Marihuana Regulations made by the
Commissioner of Narcotics and the Commissioner of the Internal revenue with the
approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, Effective date, October 1, 1937,
(Washington, 1937).
[190]Ibid,
pp. 52-53.
[191]Ellis,
Print Paper Pendulum, pp. 130-149.
Also see: U. S. Senate, Letter from the Chairman of the FTC transmitting in
response to S. Res. No. 337 (70th Cong.) A Report on Certain Phases of the Newsprint
Industry, 71st Cong., Sp. sess., July 8,
1930, Senate Doc. 214; Thomas D. Clark, The
Greening of the South: The Recovery of Land and Forest, (Lexington, KY:
University of Kentucky Press, 1984) pp. 119-120.
[192]John
Loomis, The Nation, “Who Owns the
Daily Press?” v. 128,n. 3328 (Apr. 17,
1929): 446. Also see Ellis, Print Paper
Pendulum, pp. 8. “His organization [the newspaper publisher], the ANPA, is
one of the most effective of pressure groups to whose desires official
Washington gives careful heed.”
[193]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 2nd sess.
(Washington, 1929) pp. 1336-1339. Senator Schall’s investigation was Senate
Resolution 292, 70th Cong., 2nd sess.
[194]Federal
Trade Commission, NEWSPRINT PAPER
INDUSTRY: Letter from the chairman of the FTC - Transmitting in Response to S.
Res. No. 337 (70th Cong.) A Report on Certain Phases of the Newsprint Paper Industry,
71st Cong., Sp. sess., July 8, 1930, Senate Doc.
214, p. 114.
[195]New York Times, “Hearst Interests Aquire
Canada stock, Relinquishing Shares in Their Own Subsidiary,” Sept. 19,1930, 39:
2.
[196]John
A. Guthrie, The Newsprint Industry: An
Economic Analysis (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1941) p. 68. Also
see: Ellis L. Ethan, Newsprint Producers,
Publishers, Political Pressures, (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers
University Press, 1960) p. 23.
[197]Bonnie
and Whitebread, The Marihuana Conviction,
pp. 100-101.
[198]Beard,
America in Midpassage, p. 192.
[199]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 2nd sess.
(Washington, 1929) p. 1246, 1252.
[200]Ibid.,
p. 1252.In 1928, Blair Coan wrote:
“About twenty years ago a chemist working in the Department of Agriculture
discovered that white paper could be produced cheaper and better by using the
cellulose of field crops than by the conversion of spruce wood. Also see: pp.
1336-1339, 5044-5050; and p. 24 of this thesis.
[201]C.
J. Brand, “Utilization of Crop Plants in Paper Making,” Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1910, p.
338 [Italics are mine]; also see pp. 23-24 of this thesis.
[202]Lyster
H. Dewey, “Hemp,” Yearbook of the United
States Department of Agriculture, 1913, pp. 282-346; L. H. Dewey and J. L.
Merril, Hemp Hurds as Papermaking
Material, United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 404 (Oct.
14, 1916); also see pp. 23-32 of this thesis.
[203] New York Times, “Cornstalk Paper Not
Satisfactory,” Mr. 10, 1929, III 2:4.
[204]Ibid.
[205]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 2nd sess.
(Washington, 1929) p. 1246.
[206]New York Times, “Cornstalk Paper,” Mr.
24, 1929, III 5:8.
[207]Suggestions
began to surface during the alternative source debate for farm wastes: Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 2nd sess.
(Washington, 1929) p. 1339.
[208]New York Times, “‘Golden Rod Paper’
Fails,” F. 6, 1932, 32:3.
[209]U.
S. Senate, National Pulp and Paper
Requirements,74th Cong., 1st sess.
(Washington 1933) Senate Doc. 115, p. 10.
[210]New York Times, “Roosevelt Approves
Development of New Southern Industry,” Je. 7, 1934, 2:6.
[211]New York Times, “RFC to Aid South’s Pulp
Mills,” F 1, 1935, 37:3; “RFC Aid Predicted on Pine Newsprint,” Mr. 8, 1935,
18:5.
[212]New York Times, “Challenge Found in
Newsprint Cost,” Ap. 22, 1937, 15:3; “Publishers Foster U. S. Paper Industry,”
Ap. 23, 1937, 16:2; “Newspapers Printed on Slash Pine Paper,” Je. 27, 1937,
19:1.
[213]New York Times, “Paper Concern Gets
Loan,” N. 30, 1938, 32:2; “Texas Newsprint Near,” D. 4, 1938, 36:1.
[214]Michael
Williams, Americans and their Forests: A
Historical Geography, (NY: Cambridge University Press, 1989) pp. 287-288.
[215]David
P. West, “Fiber Wars: The Extinction of Kentucky Hemp,” Hemp Today, ed. Ed Rosenthal (Oakland, CA: Quick American Archives,
1994) p. 40.
[216]United
States Department of Agriculture, “Warns Against HEMP exploitation,” The Official Record, vol. 10, No. 15,
Apr. 11, 1931.
[217]National
Archives, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” H. T. Nugent, Field Supervisor, Report of Survey: Commercialized Hemp
(1934-35 crop) in the State of Minnesota, Oct. 1938, pp. 6-7.
[218]Helen
Moorehead, Foreign Policy Association, to Commissioner Anslinger, Mar. 23, 1938.
In regard to an interview held on Mar. 22, 1938 by Helen Moorehead and Dr.
McCall, Dr. Barre, and Dr. Robinson of the Department of Agriculture Bureau of
Plant Industry, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives. Also see: Marihuana Conference,Bureau
of Internal Revenue Building, (Room 3003), Washington, D.C. Called by the
Bureau of Narcotics of the United States Treasury Department, Presided over by
Mr. H. J. Anslinger, Commissioner of Narcotics, and Mr. H. J. Wollner,
Consulting Chemist, Treasury Department, Dec. 5, 1938.
[219]Congressional Record, 72nd Cong., 2nd sess. (Washington, 1933) p. 4778.
[220]Herer,
The Emperor, p.23.
[221]William
Haynes, Cellulose: The Chemical that
Grows, (NY: Doubleday, 1953) pp. 280-287.
[222]Thomas
D. Clark, The Greening of the South: The
Recovery of Land and Forest, (Lexington, KY: Unversity of Kentucky Press,
1984) pp. 114-132.
[223]New York Times, “South’s Paper to Boom,”
N. 27, 1938, III, 9:8.
[224]Congressional Record, 72nd Cong., 2nd sess. (Washington, 1933) p. 4778.
[225]For
verification see Congressional Record,
71st Cong., 1st
sess. (Washington, 1929) pp. 93-96, 1521-1546; 71st
Cong., 2nd sess. (Washington, 1930) pp.
12269-12278; 72nd Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, 1932) pp. 15195-15204; 72nd Cong., 2nd sess.
(Washington, 1933) pp. 4769-4780.
[226]H.
T. Nugent, Field Supervisor, Report of
Survey: Commercialized Hemp (1934-35 crop) in the State of Minnesota, Oct.
1938, p. 8, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[227]Ibid,
p. 8.
[228]Ibid,
p. 9.
[229]Harry
H. Strauss, “Paper from Flax and Hemp,” Farm
Chemurgic Journal no. 1 (Sept. 1937): 32-36.
[230]U.S.
Congress, Hearings Before the Senate
Committee on Finance on H. R. 6906, 75th
Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, 1937) pp. 28-32.
[231]H.
T. Nugent, Field Supervisor, Report of
Survey: Commercialized Hemp (1934-35 crop) in the State of Minnesota, Oct.
1938, pp. 8-9, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[232]“Marihuana
Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[233]The Marihuana Problem, Dec. 1937,
“Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[234]Dr.
Wollner, Consulting Chemist, to Commissioner Anslinger, Feb. 14, 1938,
“Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[235]Henry
Morgenthau Jr., Secretary of the Treasury, to Henry A. Wallace, Secretary of
Agriculture, Mar. 25, 1938, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[236]W.
R. Gregg, Acting Secretary of Agriculture, to Henry Morgenthau Jr., Secretary
of the Treasury, May 3, 1938, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[237]Helen
Moorehead, Foreign Policy Association, to Commissioner Anslinger, Mar. 23, 1938,
“Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives. In regard to an interview held on Mar. 22, 1938, by Helen
Moorehead and Dr. M. A. McCall, Dr. H. W. Barre, and Dr. Brittain B. Robinson
of the Department of Agriculture Bureau of Plant Industry.
[238]Both
men possessed biases. Dr. Andrew H. Wright was employed by the Matt Rens Hemp
Company of Brandon, Wisconsin. In essence, he represented this company’s
specific interests. Dr. Brittain B. Robinson was employed by the Bureau of
Plant Industry which had a record of opposing the new developments in the hemp
industry.
[239]Marihuana Conference, Bureau of Internal Revenue Building, (Room
3003), Washington, D.C. Called by the Bureau of Narcotics of the United States
Treasury Department, Presided over by Mr. H. J. Anslinger, Commissioner of
Narcotics, and Mr. H. J. Wollner, Consulting Chemist, Treasury Department, Dec.
5, 1939.
[240]Ibid,
pp. 20-22.
[241]Helen
Moorehead, Foreign Policy Association, to Commissioner Anslinger, Mar. 23,
1938. In regard to an interview held on Mar. 22, 1938, by Helen Moorehead and
Dr. M. A. McCall, Dr. H. W. Barre, and Dr. Brittain B. Robinson of the
Department of Agriculture Bureau of Plant Industry, “Marihuana Tax Act of
1937,” National Archives.
[242]Marihuana Conference, Bureau of Internal Revenue Building, (Room
3003), Washington, D.C. Called by the Bureau of Narcotics of the United States
Treasury Department, Presided over by Mr. H. J. Anslinger, Commissioner of
Narcotics, and Mr. H. J. Wollner, Consulting Chemist, Treasury Department, Dec.
5, 1939, p. 31.
[243]H.
W. Bellrose, President of the World Fibre Corporation, to Elizabeth Bass,
District Supervisor, Oct. 12, 1937, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National
Archives.
[244]H.
W. Bellrose, President of the World Fibre Corporation, to Elizabeth Bass, District
Supervisor, Oct. 14, 1937, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[245]Popular Mechanics, “The New Billion
Dollar Crop,” 69 (Feb. 1938): 238-239.
[246]R.
S. Kellogg, The Story of News Print Paper,
(Newsprint Service Bureau, NY 1936) pp. 48-49.
[247]H.
W. Bellrose, President of the World Fibre Corporation, to Elizabeth Bass,
District Supervisor, Oct. 12, 1937, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National
Archives.The Chicago Tribune article was included in the file.
[248]Will
Wood, Acting Commissioner, to H. W. Bellrose, President of the World Fibre
Corporation, Nov. 7, 1937, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[249]Frank
Ridgway, Agricultural Editor for the
Chicago Tribune, to Commissioner Anslinger, Jan. 21, 1938, “Marihuana Tax
Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[250]Elizabeth
Bass, District Supervisor, to Commissioner Anslinger, Mar. 5, 1938, “Marihuana
Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[251]Elizabeth
Bass, District Supervisor, to Commissioner Anslinger, Mar. 10, 1938, “Marihuana
Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[252]Frank
Holton, president of the Northwest Hemp Corporation, to Narcotic Division,
Treasury Dept., Oct. 11, 1937, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[253]Commissioner
Harry J. Anslinger to the Northwest Hemp Corporation, Oct. 19, 1937, “Marihuana
Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[254]H.
T. Nugent, Field Supervisor, Report of
Survey: Commercialized Hemp (1934-35 crop) in the State of Minnesota, Oct.
1938, pp. 10-11, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[255]Ibid,
p. 14.
[256]Ibid,
pp. 14-18.
[257]Ibid,
pp. 18-20.
[258]Ojai
A. Lende, Lawyer, Granite Falls, Minnesota, to The Hon. Henrik Shipstead, U.S.
Senator, Minnesota, Jan. 27, 1938, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National
Archives.
[259]Ojai
A. Lende, to the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, Mar. 23, 1938, “Marihuana Tax Act
of 1937,” National Archives.
[260]Ojai
A. Lende, to the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, Apr. 27, 1938, “Marihuana Tax Act
of 1937,” National Archives.
[261]Ojai
A. Lende, to the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, July 5, 1938, “Marihuana Tax Act
of 1937,” National Archives.
[262]Commissioner
Anslinger to Ojai A. Lende, July 1938 (the exact day was smudged during the
coping process), “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[263]H.
T. Nugent, Field Supervisor, Hemp
Situation in Minnesota, Aug. 26, 1938, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,”
National Archives.
[264]Ojai
A. Lende to Commissioner Anslinger, Dec. 23, 1938, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,”
National Archives.
[265]Ojai
A. Lende to Commissioner Anslinger, Feb. 1, 1939, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,”
National Archives.
[266]Commissioner
Anslinger to Ojai A. Lende, Feb. 1939 (the exact date was smudged in the
copying process), “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[267]Ojai
A. Lende to The Hon. Henrik Shipstead, Feb. 16, 1939, “Marihuana Tax Act of
1937,” National Archives.
[268]Senator
Henrik Shipstead to Commissioner Anslinger, Feb. 22, 1939, “Marihuana Tax Act
of 1937,” National Archives.
[269]Commissioner
Anslinger to Senator Henrik Shipstead, Feb. 27, 1939, “Marihuana Tax Act of
1937,” National Archives.
[270]Ojai
A. Lende to The Hon. Henrik Shipstead, Feb. 27, 1939, “Marihuana Tax Act of
1937,” National Archives.
[271]Senator
Henrik Shipstead to Commissioner Anslinger, Mar. 1, 1939, “Marihuana Tax Act of
1937,” National Archives.
[272]Commissioner
Anslinger to Senator Henrik Shipstead, Mar. 6, 1939, “Marihuana Tax Act of
1937,” National Archives.
[273]Ojai
A. Lende to The Hon. Henrik Shipstead, Mar. 20, 1939, “Marihuana Tax Act of
1937,” National Archives.
[274]Memorandum
to Acting Commissioner Wood and Commissoner Anslinger, Mar. 27, 1939, “Marihuana
Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[275]Commissioner
Anslinger to Senator Henrik Shipstead, Mar. 28, 1939, “Marihuana Tax Act of
1937,” National Archives.
[276]Ojai
A. Lende to The Hon. Henrik Shipstead, Mar. 31, 1939, “Marihuana Tax Act of
1937,” National Archives.
[277]Ojai
A. Lende to The Hon. Henrik Shipstead, Apr. 10, 1939, “Marihuana Tax Act of
1937,” National Archives.
[278]Senator
Henrik Shipstead to Commissioner Anslinger, Apr. 12, 1939, “Marihuana Tax Act
of 1937,” National Archives.
[279]Commissioner
Anslinger to Senator Henrik Shipstead, Apr. 19, 1939, “Marihuana Tax Act of
1937,” National Archives.
[280]Harry
D. Smith, District Supervisor, to Commissioner Harry J. Anslinger, June, 11,
1941; Harry D. Smith, District Supervisor, to Commissioner Harry J. Anslinger,
July, 3, 1941, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[281]Bureau
of Plant Industry to Commissioner Anslinger, Dec. 31, 1937, “Marihuana Tax Act
of 1937,” National Archives.
[282]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 2nd sess.
(Washington, 1929) pp. 3013-3015.
[283]Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 2nd sess.
(Washington, 1929) pp. 5044-5050.
[284]Cornelius
J. Kelly, Narcotic Agent, to Thomas F. Cummins, Acting District Supervisor,
Apr. 1, 1940, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[285]Charles
A. Beard, “A New Morgan Thesis,” New
Republic, v. 89 (Ja. 20, 1937): 350-353; Congressional Record, 70th Cong., 2nd sess., pp. 5044-5049; 72nd
Cong., 2nd sess., p. 4778.
[286]M.
G. Moksnes to Clinton Hester, Assistant General Counsel Treasury Department,
Feb. 7, 1938, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[287]Ibid.
[288]A.
L. Tennyson, Chief Legal Advisor, to Commissioner Anslinger, Sept. 22, 1939,
pp. 1-2, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[289]Ibid,
p. 2-3.
[290]It
is highly possible that theletter from
the Ford Motor Company pertained to the topic of utilizing hemp for the
production of a methanol fuel for its automobiles. Chris Conrad, HEMP: Lifeline to the Future (Los
Angeles, California: Creative Xpressions Publications, 1993) p. 40: “In the
1930s, the Ford Motor Company operated a successful bio-mass fuel conversion
plant, using cellulose at Iron Mountain, Michigan. Ford engineers extracted
methanol, charcoal fuel, tar, pitch, ethyl-acetate and creosote from hemp.
These fundamental ingredients for industry could also be made by fossil
fuel-related industries.” Conrad cites information from: Hugh Downs, “Dope hope
for oil imbroglio?” on ABC radio, Nov. 1990. In this scenario hemp biomass
energy conversion would compete with petrofuels.
[291]Ibid,
p. 3-4.
[292]Commissioner
Anslinger to James Biggins, District Supervisor, Chicago, Illinois, Sept. 27,
1939, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[293]Cornelius
J. Kelly, Narcotic Agent, to James Biggins, District Supervisor, Decortication of Hemp, Danville, Illinois,
Oct. 6, 1939, p. 1, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[294]Ibid,
pp. 2-3.
[295]Ibid,
pp. 3-4.
[296]Ibid,
pp. 5-6.
[297]Arthur
S. Nestor, Fibrous Industries, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, to Commissioner
Anslinger, Nov. 22, 1939, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[298]Ibid.
[299]Commissioner
Anslinger to A. S. Nestor, Fibrous Industries, Inc., Dec. 5, 1939, “Marihuana
Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[300]Commissioner
Anslinger to Jame J. Biggins, District Supervisor, Dec. 5, 1939, “Marihuana Tax
Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[301]Commissioner
Anslinger to A. S. Nestor, Fibrous Industries, Inc., undated-after Jan. 10,
1940, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[302]A.
L. Tennyson to Commissioner Harry J. Anslinger, June 27, 1940, “Marihuana Tax
Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[303]Cornelius
J. Kelly, Narcotic Agent, to James J. Biggins, District Supervisor, Dec. 21,
1939, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[304]Dr.
Andrew H. Wright, University of Wisconsin, Department of Agronomy, to Cornelius
J. Kelly, Narcotic Agent, Dec. 18, 1939, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National
Archives.
[305]Cornelius
J. Kelly, Narcotic Agent, to James J. Biggins, District Supervisor, Dec. 19,
1939, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[306]H.
M. Lundien, MEMORANDUM ON FILE, Hemp
Industry in Wisconsin; Cornelius J. Kelly, Narcotic Agent, to James J.
Biggins, District Supervisor, Dec., 19, 1939; Cornelius J. Kelly, Narcotic
Agent, to James J. Biggins, District Supervisor, Nov. 20, 1940, “Marihuana Tax
Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[307]Ernest
L. Abel, Marihuana: The First Twelve
Thousand Years (New York: Plenum Press, 1980) p. 249.
[308]La
Guardia Commission, The Marihuana Problem
in the City of New York (Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Reprint Corp.
1973) pp. 24-25. Quoting from Abel, p. 249.
[309]La Guardia File, “Marihuana Tax Act of
1937,” National Archives.
[310]R.
Chopra and G. Chopra, “Cannabis Sativa in Relation to Mental Diseases and Crime
in India,” Indian Journal of Medical
Research 30 (1942): 155-171.
[311]Eli
Marcovitz and Henry J. Meyers, “The Marihuana Addict in the Army,” War Medicine 6 (1944): 382-391; “Army
Study of Marihuana,” Newsweek, (Jan.
15, 1945).The study reported that
marihuana users exhibited undesirable qualities, such as a lack a discipline
and motivation.The experimental
procedure compared data gathered on 35 soliders (34 African-Americans and 1
caucasian), who performed routine menial tasks, such as sweeping out
warehouses.The 34 African-Americans
were allowed to use marihuana while the caucasian subject acted as the
drug-free control factor.According to
the report, the African-Americans were both unmotivated and undisciplined. Needless to say, the use of marihuana was
cited for the lack of motivation and discipline, which was observed among the
African-Americans.
[312]Jack
Herer, The Emperor Wears No Clothes
(Van Nuys, California: HEMP Publishing, 1991) p. 28. “Why you ask, was the AMA
now on Anslinger’s side in 1944-45 after being against the Marihuana Tax Act in
1937? Answer: since Anslinger’s FBN was responsible for prosecuting doctors who
prescribed narcotic drugs for what he, Anslinger, deemed illegal purposes, they
(the FBN) had prosecuted more than 3,000 AMA doctors for illegal prescriptions
through 1939. In 1939, the AMA made specific peace with Anslinger on marijuana.
The results: Only three doctors were prosecuted for illegal drugs of any sort
from 1939 to 1949.”
[313]Chris
Conrad, HEMP: Lifeline to the Future
(Los Angeles, California: Creative Xpressions Publications, 1993) pp. 56-58.
[314]Ibid.
[315]Paul
G. Brigham, Narcotic Inspector, to A. B. Crisler, District Supervisor,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, Aug. 11, 1944, p. 1, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,”
National Archives.
[316]Paul
G. Brigham, Narcotic Inspector, to A. B. Crisler, District Supervisor, Feb. 3,
1945, “Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[317]R.
L. Lapham, Secretary-Treasurer, Northwest Flax Industries, Inc., Winona,
Minnesota, to Federal Bureau of Narcotics, Dec. 27, 1944, “Marihuana Tax Act of
1937,” National Archives.
[318]David
P. West, “Fiber Wars: The Extinction of Kentucky Hemp,” Hemp Today ed. Ed Rosenthal (Oakland, CA: Quick American Archives,
1994) pp. 41-42.
[319]Ibid,
pp. 41-42.The Matt Rens Hemp Company
of Brandon, Wisconsin, continued to cultivate hemp for the production of fiber
until 1958.Competion from synthetic
fibers made the business unprofitable.
Furthermore, during an interview conducted in 1994, Willard Rens, the
son of the company’s founder, Matt Rens, made the following statement regarding
the political climate, “I don’t think I would have enjoyed being in the
business another five years because of the marihuana problem.”
[320]Noxious Weed File; Dr. H. J. Wollner,
Consulting Chemist, to Commissioner Anslinger, Feb. 14, 1938, p. 3, “Marihuana
Tax Act of 1937,” National Archives.
[321]For
a thorough listing of federal and state marihuana laws see William B. Eldridge,
Narcotics and the Law (Chicago,
1967). Quoting Schaller, “The Federal Prohibition of Marihuana,” p. 74,
footnote no. 71.
[322]U.
S. Congress, House of Representatives,
Hearings Before the House Committee on Ways and Means on H. R. 3490, 82nd Cong., 1st sess
(Washington, 1951) p. 206. Quoting from Abel, p. 253.
[323]Abel,
Marihuana, pp. 251-256.
[324]New York Times, Feb. 15, 1970. Quoting
from Abel, Marihuana, p. 255.
[325]1962,
President Kennedy’s Ad Hoc Panel on Drug Abuse; 1963, President Kennedy’s
Advisory Commission on Narcotics and Drug Abuse; 1967, President Johnson’s
Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice; 1972, President
Nixon’s Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse (issued: Marihuana - A Signal of Misunderstanding, 1972)
[326]These
scholars created the decriminalization movement.
[327]Jack
Frazier, The Great American Hemp Industry
(Peterstown, West Virginia: Solar Age Press, 1991) p. 48. Frazier’s article
first appeared in the British journal: Ecologist,
1974.
[328]Jim
Young, “It’s Time to Reconsider Hemp,” Pulp
& Paper, (1991). Quoted from Frazier, p.48.
[329]E.
P. M. de Meijer, “Hemp Variations as Pulp Source Researched in the
Netherlands,” Pulp & Paper, v.
67, no. 7 (July, 1993) p. 43.
[330]Tree
Free EcoPaper. 121 SW Salmon #1100, Portland, OR 97204. Quoted from Conrad, p.
125. Also of interest Tim Maylon and Anthony Henman, “No Marihuana: Plenty of
Hemp,” New Scientist (Nov. 13,
1980):433-435.
[331]Herer,
The Emperor, p. 78. The Federal
Bureau of Narcotics was renamed the Drug Enforcenment Agency during the 1960s.
[332]Ibid,
p. 78.
[333]Ibid,
pp. 78-79. Also see; Gabriel Nahas, Marihuana:
Deceptive Weed (New York: Raven Press, 1973).
[334]Herer,
The Emperor, p. 79. “Dr. Thomas
Ungerlieder, M.D., UCLA, appointed by Richard Nixon in 1969 to the President’s
Select Committee on Marijuana, re-appointed by Ford, Carter and Reagan, and
currently head of California’s “Marijuana Medical Program; Dr. Donald Tashkin,
UCLA, M.D., for the last 14 years the U.S. government’s and the world’s leading
marijuana researcher on pulmonary functions; and Dr. Tod Mikuriya, M.D., former
national head of the U.S. government research programs in the late 1960s.”
[335]Ibid,
pp. 79-80.
[336]Richard
Restak, “Brain by Design,” The Sciences,
v. 33, n. 5 (Sept/Oct. 1993): 27-33.
[337]D.
Paul Stanford, “China, Hemp and Fiber,” Hemp
Today ed. Ed Rosenthal (Oakland, CA: Quick American Archives, 1994) pp.
199-201.
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