TABLE 2.1

INFLUENCE OF PUFF VOLUME AND FILTER VENTILATION ON DELIVERIES OF PARTICULATE MATTER AND CARBON MONOXIDE IN MAINSTREAM AND SIDESTREAM SMOKE

Browne et al. (1980)

^a USA blend cigarette, FTC smoking conditions unless otherwise noted.

^b Percent of mainstream puff air entering through periphery of filter.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF TOBACCO SMOKE THAT HAVE BEEN CLASSIFIED OR IDENTIFIED AS TO THEIR CARCINOGENICITY,
REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY OR OTHER HEALTH HAZARD

Sources: ARB (1993); IARC (1985, 1986, 1987, 1992); California Code of Regulations (1994); U.S. EPA (1994)

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF TOBACCO SMOKE THAT HAVE BEEN CLASSIFIED OR IDENTIFIED AS TO THEIR CARCINOGENICITY,
REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY OR OTHER HEALTH HAZARD

Sources: ARB (1993); IARC (1985, 1986, 1987, 1992); California Code of Regulations (1994); U.S. EPA (1994)

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF TOBACCO SMOKE THAT HAVE BEEN CLASSIFIED OR IDENTIFIED AS TO THEIR CARCINOGENICITY,
REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY OR OTHER HEALTH HAZARD

Sources: ARB (1993); IARC (1985, 1986, 1987, 1992); California Code of Regulations (1994); U.S. EPA (1994)

MEAN CONCENTRATIONS OF NICOTINE AND COTININE IN THE SALIVA,
PLASMA, AND URINE OF ETS - EXPOSED VOLUNTEERS^a

Saliva (ng/ml) Plasma (ng/ml) Urine (ng/ml creatinine)

Time Nicotine Cotinine Nicotine Cotinine Nicotine Cotinine

Minutes of exposure
0 (baseline) 3 1.0 0.2 0.9 17 14

40 830 1.1 0.3 0.9 --^{b ---}

60 880 2.1 0.3 1.2 -- --

80 730 1.4 0.5 1.3 84 28

Minutes post exposure
30 148 1.7 0.4 1.8 -- --

150 17 3.1 0.7 2.9 100 46

240 3 2.0 1.1 3.3 -- --

300 7 3.5 0.6 3.4 48 55

Source: Hoffman et al. (1984)

^a Individuals were exposed to ETS generated from continuous smoking of 4 cigarettes by machine.
The air concentration of nicotine stabilized at approximately 280 ug/m³ within 10 to 15 minutes.

^b Samples not taken for this exposure interval.

COMPARISON OF BIOMARKERS IN
UNEXPOSED AND ETS-EXPOSED NONSMOKERS, AND ACTIVE SMOKERS^a

^a From IARC (1986) using data from Jarvis and Russell (1984).

* indicates p<0.01 between exposed and unexposed nonsmokers

** indicates p<0.001 between exposed and unexposed nonsmokers

TABLE 2.5

CUT-OFF, SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY OF BIOMARKERS
FOR DISCRIMINATING TRUE SMOKING STATUS^a

Cut-off % Smokers % Nonsmokers 95% CI
Biomarkers Value Detected Detected for % Accuracy

Carbon Monoxide
ECO (ppm) 8.0 90 89 86.2-91.7
COHb (% ) 1.6 86 92 83.0-89.2

Nicotine (ng/ml)
Plasma 2.3 88 99 89.4-93.8
Saliva 21.8 90 99 91.6-95.2
Urine 58.6 89 97 93.3-96.3

Cotinine (ng/ml)
Plasma 13.7 96 100 98.3-99.1
Saliva 14.2 96 99 98.5-99.3
Urine 49.7 97 99 98.4-99.2

Thiocyanate
Plasma (m mol/l) 78.0 84 91 81.1-87.9
Saliva (mmol/l) 1.64 81 71 66.0-76.0
Urine (m mol/l) 118.0 59 89 67.0-77.0

Jarvis et al. (1987), with permission

^a True smokers were those who reported smoking cigarettes,
pipes, or cigars (n = 90) and 21 "deceivers." Non-smokers
were the self-reported non-smokers minus the deceivers (n = 100).

^b Accuracy defined as overall % correct classification, and estimated
for a population with equal proportions of smokers and nonsmokers.

Self-Reported

Nonsmokers

Sample Percent Criteria

Study Marker Assay^a Size Misclassified^b (ng/ml)

Wald et al. (1986) Urinary cotinine RIA 221 0.9 --^c

Cummings et al. Urinary cotinine HPLC 669 0.9 90

(1990)

Pojer et al. (1984) Plasma cotinine GC 181 3.3 42

Jarvis and Russell Plasma cotinine GC 215 9.8 20

(1984)

Lee (1987) Saliva cotinine GC 808 2.5 30

Pierce et al. Saliva cotinine GC 622 7.4 25

(1987)

Coultas et al. Saliva cotinine RIA 683 6.0 20

(1988)

Haddow et al. Serum cotinine RIA 1,508 1.9 10

(1988)

Riboli et al. Urinary cotinine RIA 1,369 3.4 50^d

(1990)

Wagenknecht et al. Serum cotinine RIA 3,445 4.2 14

(1991)

Perez-Stable et al. Serum cotinine GC 189 6.3 14

(1992)

Modified from Perez-Stable et al. (1992)

^a Abbreviations: GC, gas chromatography; RIA, radioimmunoassay; HPLC, high pressure
liquid chromatography

^b percentage of self-reported nonsmokers with cotinine levels above criteria listed

^c >10% smokers’ median

^d ng/mg creatinine

TABLE 2.7

CONCENTRATIONS OF NICOTINE AND COTININE IN MOTHERS’ MILK

Concentration (ng/ml)

Study Constituent Mean (SD) Range Study population Comments

TABLE 2.7 (continued)

CONCENTRATIONS OF NICOTINE AND COTININE IN MOTHERS’ MILK

Concentration (ng/ml)

Study Constituent Mean (SD) Range Study population Comments

Table 2.7 (continued)

CONCENTRATIONS OF NICOTINE AND COTININE IN MOTHERS’ MILK

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Concentration (ng/ml)

Study Constituent Mean (SD) Range Study population Comments

^a Range of median concentrations measured 1 week to 6 months post partum.

Table 2.8
Studies with Information on ETS Exposure Prevalence in California and the U.S.:
Adults and Adolescents

Year/ Measure of Exposure

Study Location Description Exposure Prevalence (age) Comments

California

Friedman et al. 1979-1980 37,881 nonsmoking Self-report 63.3% (>18yrs) Exposed individuals
(1983) Oakland and adults from the defined as those
San Francisco, Kaiser-Permanente reporting an average
California Medical Care Program. exposure to ETS of one or more hours per week.

Wiley et al. 1987-1988 1,579 English-speaking Self-report 43% (>18 yrs) Activity-pattern
(1991a) California adult members of house interview) study. Exposed
Jenkins et al. (statewide) holds with telephones. 64% (12-17 yrs) individuals defined as
(1992) those reporting exposure
to ETS on the day
preceding the interview.
Prevalence given for
nonsmokers.

Burns and Pierce 1990-1991 Telephone interviews Interview 36.5% (12-17 yrs) Exposed individuals
(1992) California with 32,135 English- defined as those living
(statewide) and Spanish-speaking in a household with at
households least one smoker.

Table 2.8 (continued)
Studies with Information on ETS Exposure Prevalence in California and the U.S.:
Adults and Adolescents

Year/ Measure of Exposure

Study Location Description Exposure Prevalence (age) Comments

Other U.S. areas

Coultas et al. 1984-1985 698 nonsmoking adults Salivary 39% (>18 yrs) Exposed individuals
(1987) Albuquerque, from 727 randomly cotinine defined as those with
New Mexico selected Hispanic 48% (13-17 yrs) salivary cotinine con-
households. centrations ranging from
0.78 - 20 ng/ml.

Cummings 1986 663 nonsmoking adults Self-report 76% (>18 yrs) Exposed individuals
et al. (1990) Buffalo, attending a cancer- (interview) defined as those
New York screening clinic reporting any exposure
to ETS during the 4-day
period preceding the
interview.

Urinary 91% (>18 yrs) Exposed individuals
cotinine defined as those with
detectable concentrations
of cotinine (detection
limit not given).

Table 2.8 (continued)
Studies with Information on ETS Exposure Prevalence in California and the U.S.:

Adults and Adolescents

Year/ Measure of Exposure

Study Location Description Exposure Prevalence (age) Comments

Centers for 1988-1992 800 nonsmoking indivi- Serum 100% (----)^a Exposed individuals
Disease United States duals, ages 4-91 years, cotinine defined as those with
Control (1993b) from 81 U.S. counties. detectable concentrations
of cotinine. Interpretation of
the study results limited by the preliminary nature of the
report and the sensitive method for analyzing for
cotinine (see text).

^a Exposure prevalence reported for entire study population

Table 2.9
Studies with Information on ETS Exposure Prevalence in California and the U.S.:
Infants and Children

Year/ Measure of Exposure

Study Location Description Exposure Prevalence (age) Comments

California

Phillips et al. 1989-1990 1,200 children Surrogate 40% (6-11yrs) Exposed individuals
(1991) California (0 to 11 years old) Report defined as those reporting
Wiley et al. (statewide) from households with 36% (0-5 yrs) exposure to ETS
(1991b) telephones and an on the day preceding the
English-speaking adult interview.

Burns and Pierce 1990-1991 Telephone interviews Surrogate 32.2%(6-11 yrs) Exposed individuals
(1992) California with 32,135 English- Report defined as those living
(statewide) or Spanish-speaking 32.2% (0-5 yrs) in a household with one
households or more smokers.

Other U.S. areas

Coultas et al. 1984-1985 Hispanic children Salivary 45% (6-12 yrs) Exposed individuals
(1987) New Mexico participating in a cotinine defined as those with
population-based 54% (0-5 yrs) salivary cotinine con-
survey of respiratory centrations ranging from
disease 0.78 to 20 ng/ml.

Greenberg et al. 1986-1987 433 healthy infants Surrogate 42% (8-51 days) Exposed individuals
(1989) Central North Report defined as those exposed
Carolina to ETS during the
preceding week.

Surrogate 55% (8-51 days) Exposed individuals
Report defined as those living
in a household with one
or more smokers.

Table 2.9 (continued)
Studies with Information on ETS Exposure Prevalence in California and the U.S.:
Infants and Children

Year/ Measure of Exposure

Study Location Description Exposure Prevalence (age) Comments

Greenberg et al. 1986-1987 433 healthy Urinary 60% (8-51 days) Exposed individuals
(1989) (continued) Central North infants cotinine defined as those with
Carolina detectable concentrations
of urinary cotinine.

Chilmonczyk et al. 1988 518 infants Surrogate 41% (6-8 wks) Exposed individuals
(1990) Portland, Maine Report defined as those living
in a household with one
or more smokers.

Urinary 80% (6-8 wks) Exposed individuals
cotinine defined as those with
detectable concentrations
of urinary cotinine.

Overpeck and Moss 1988 5,356 children Surrogate 48.8% (0-5 yrs) Exposed individuals
(1991) United States from a cross- Report defined as those living
sectional survey in a household in which
of household one member smoked
populations regularly at any time
since the child’s birth.

Surrogate 42% (0-5 yrs) Exposed individuals
Report defined as those currently
living in a household with
one or more smokers.