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Table 5.1
ETS Exposure and infertility or fecundability:
Adult Exposure
Authors (yr)
Location |
Design
(study size) |
Exposure Definition |
Results1 |
Comments |
Tokuhata (1968)
United States
(Memphis) |
Questionnaire to next-of-kin. Case-control study of cancer
(n = 2,016) |
Husband smoked |
Had lowest risk of never having been pregnant.
OR:OR = 0.67 (0.46-0.98) |
Not adjusted. Crude measure of infertility. Lifetime history. |
Baird & Wilcox (1985)
United States (Minnesota) |
Retrospective interview of pregnant volunteers (n = 678) |
Husband smoking |
No association with delay to conception after adjustment for
active smoking and confounders. |
Thorough questions about delay. Not a representative sample
(high SES). Data not shown. |
Suonio et al. (1990)
Finland |
Retrospective interview at prenatal care clinics,
population-based
(n = 2,198) |
Husband smoking |
Adjusted OROR of delayed conception
(6-12 mo):
= 1.3 (1.2 -1.4), potentiated by age. |
No data on intercourse or contraception. Included smokers. |
Olsen (1991)
Denmark |
Retrospective questionnaire to pregnant women
(n = 10,886) |
Husband smoking |
OR:OR = 1.3 (1.0 -1.8) for ³ 20
cigs/day and delay >6 mos. In
maternal nonsmokers.
OR in smokers:OR = 1.6 (1.3 - 2.1) in smokers. |
No data on intercourse.
Spouse smoking during pregnancy (vs. before). |
Florack et al. (1994)
The Netherlands |
Interview of women planning pregnancy, follow 12 months
(n= 259)Prospective |
Partner smoking |
FR1: = 2.1 (1.2, 3.5)
for 1-10 cigs/day
FR: = 1.0 (0.7, 1.6)
for >10 cigs/day |
Not adjusted.
Includes female smokers. |
1 OR -= odds ratio:, SES -= socioeconomic status;, FR -=
fecundability ratio; Fecundability ratio (FR) indicates probability of conception at each
cycle. FR >1 indicates improved" fecundability, whereas FR <1 indicates
sub-fecundability, when comparing 2 groups.
Table 5.2
ETS Exposure and infertility or fecundability:
Childhood Exposure
Authors (yr)
Location |
Design
(study size) |
Exposure Definition |
Results |
Comments |
Wilcox et al. (1989)
Minnesota |
Re-interview women who had pregnancy
(n = 631) |
Parental smoking
(childhood ETS and in -utero exposure)2 |
FR1 := 1.3 (1.1 -1.6) for 1 or 2
household smokers,
1.6 (1.1 -2.2) for more |
Biologic plausibility? In -utero exposure FR = 0.9.
Other characteristics of moms not ascertained. |
Weinberg et al. (1989)
North Carolina |
Prospective study after stopping birth control
(n = 230) |
Childhood exposure to smokers.
In- utero xposure2 |
FR: = 1.0 crude
FR: = 1.6 (1.0, 2.4) if exposed. to 2 smokers, adjusted. for in -utero exposure and
other variables |
Selected group. In -utero exposure FR = 0.5 (0.4,
0.8). Exposure prior to attempt to conceive. |
Schwingl (1992)
California |
Prospective exposure (of mother) and cross- |
Childhood exposure |
FR: = 1.1 for 1 smoker
FR: = 1.2 for 2 smokers
(p>0.2) |
Exposure from mother herself.
Adjusted. |
| |
sectional (n = 318) |
In -utero exposure2 |
FR: = 1.2 (0.9-1.4), no dose-
response |
No association of FR with active smoking. |
1 Fecundability ratio (FR) indicates probability of conception at each cycle. FR >1
indicates "improved" fecundability,
whereas FR <1 indicates sub-fecundability, when comparing 2 groups.
2 In -utero exposure indicates that the mother of the target participant smoked
during her pregnancy.
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