The Drug Hang Up, America's Fifty-Year Folly

by Rufus King

Chronology, References, Citations, and Sources

This appendix serves four purposes: it gives a rough chronological outline of the story, following chapter arrangements; it sets forth general references and authorities, the best of which are marked with an asterisk, together with supporting annotations for quoted material; it furnishes citations leading directly to the texts of key treaties, legislative proceedings, statutes, and cases; and it provides, at the end, a list of contemporary sources for additional firsthand information.

CHAPTER I

(Introductory Background and the 1970 Drug Act)

General appraisal of the 1960's

Brown, Thorvald T., The Enigama of Drug Addiction, Thomas, Springfield, ID., 1961

Chein, Isadore, and others, The Road to H, Basic Books, New York, 1964

Cohen, Sidney, The Drug Dilemma, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1969

Einstein, Stanley, The Use and Misuse of Drugs, Wadsworth, Belmont, Calif., 1970

Eldridge, William B., Narcotics and the Law (2nd ed.), American Bar Foundation, Chicago, 1967

Fort, Joel, The Pleasure Seekers, Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis, 1969

Geller Allen, and Boas, Maxwell, The Drug Beat, Cowles, New York, 1969

Knowlis, Helen H., Drugs on the College Campus, Anchor Books, New York, 1968

Kolb, Lawrence, Drug Addiction, Thomas, Springfield, III., 1962

Lindesmith, Alfred R., The Addict and the Law, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Ind., 1965

Louria, Donald B., The Drug Scene, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968

Louria, Donald B., Overcoming Drugs, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1971

Maurer, David W., and Vogel, Victor H., Narcotics and Narcotic Addiction (3rd ed.), Thomas, Springfield, El., 1967

O'Donnell, John A., and Ball, John C., Narcotic Addiction, Harper & Row, New York, 1966

Strauss, Nathan III, Addicts and Drug Abusers, Twayne, New York, 1971

Taylor, Norman, Narcotics: Nature's Dangerous Gifts, Dell, New York, 1963

October 27, 1970: Drug Act signed

"Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970,- P.L. 91-513, 84 Stat. 1236

Congressional Record, January 23-28, September 23 and 24, October 7 and 14, 1970

U.S. House Committee on Ways and Means, "Controlled Dangerous Substances, Narcotics and Drug Laws." Hearings. July 20-27, 1970, Government Printing Office, 'Washington', D.C.

U.S. House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Subcommittee on Health and Public Welfare, "Drug Abuse Control Amendments-1970," Hearings, February 3 through March 3, 1970, Parts 1 and 2, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

U.S. Senate Report 91-613

U.S. House Report 91-1444 (Parts 1 and 2)

1970 Hughes Subcommittee hearings

U.S. Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Special Subcommittee on Alcoholism and Narcotics, "Federal Drug Abuse and Drug Dependence Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation Act of 1970," Hearings, Parts 1-3, March 16 through April 25, 1970, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

CHAPTER 2

(Ancestors and Prohibitionists)

Seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: the China traffic

Collis, Maurice, Foreign Mud, Knopf, New York, 1946

International Anti-Opium Association, The War Against Opium, Tientsin Press, Tientsin, 1922

1898-1901: U.S. control of the Philippines

Kritikos, P. C., and Papadaki, S. P., "The History of the Poppy . . . " U.N. Bulletin on Narcotics, XIX (July-Septemher, 1967), 17

Taylor, Arnold H., American Diplomacy and the Narcotics Traffic, 1900-39, Duke University Press, Durham, N.C., 1969

U.S. War Department, Bureau of Insular Affairs, Report of the Philippine Opium Commission, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1905 (also U.S. Senate Document 59-265, 1906)

March 3, 1905: Philippine Tariff Revision Act (with opium-prohibition section)

P.L. 58-141, 33 Stat. 928, 944

CHAPTER 3

(Antecedents of the Harrison Act)

c. 1806: morphine isolated by Serturner (codeine, 1832)

c. 1845: hypodermic developed by Wood

1861-65: widespread use of opiates in U.S. Civil War

1880's: moderate concern; abuse by nostrum promoters; beginnings of local regulation

Kolb, Drug Addiction, see Chapter I

Kolb, Lawrence, and DuMez, X. G., The Prevalence and Trends of Drug Addiction in the United States and the Factors Influencing It, U.S. Public Health Service (39 Pub. Health Rep. 1179), Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1924 Kremers, Edward, and Urdang, George, History of Pharmacy (3rd ed.), Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1963

Musto, David, Narcotics and America: A Social History, Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn., 1972

Terry, Charles E., and Pellens, Mildred, The Opium Problem (for Bureau of Social Hygiene, Inc.), Haddon Craftsmen, Camden, N.J., 1928

1883: cocaine isolated

1898: heroin from morphine base

February 9, 1909: Act prohibiting importation of opium for nonmedicinal use

P.L. 60-100, 35 Stat. 614

1909: Shanghai Opium Conference convened by President Roosevelt

Buel, Raymond L., The International Opium Conferences, World Peace Foundation (Pamphlets, VIII, Nos. 2 and 3), Boston, 1925

Eisenlohr, Louise E. S., International Narcotics Control, Allen Unwin, London, 1934

Renborg, Bertil A., International Drug Control, Carnegie Endowment, Washington, D.C., 1947

Taylor, American Diplomacy and the Narcotics Traffic, see Chapter 2

1912: Hague Opium Convention

38 Stat. 1912, 1930

December 17, 1914: Harrison Narcotics Act

P.L. 63-223, 38 Stat. 785; amended February 24, 1919, by P.L. 65-254, 40 Stat. 1057, 1130

U.S. House Report 63-1196

U.S. Senate Report 63-258

CHAPTER 4

(Toward Hysteria)

Mrs. Vanderbilts campaign; Prohibition; war scares

Lindesmith, Alfred R., Opiate Addiction, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Ind., 1947 18th Amendment (January 29, 1919) implemented by Volstead Act, P.L. 66-66, 41 Stat. 305

New York Times, January 22, 1914; April 1914; December 1915; April 1917; December 1917; April 2, 1918; August 20, 1918; April 10, 1919; et passim

U.S. Treasury, Special Narcotic Committee, Traffic in Narcotic Drugs, Report of Special Committee of Investigation, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1919

CHAPTER 5

(The Medical Profession's Role)

1920-23: the clinic controversy

Congressional Record, January 13, 1922; June 30, 1922; June

15, 1938; et passim

Lindesmith, The Addict and the Law, see Chapter I

New York Times, April, July, and August 1919; March 3 and 7,

1920; June 23, 1920; February 25, 1921; et passim Terry and Pellens, The Opium Problem, see Chapter 3 Williams, Henry S., Drug Addicts Are Human Beings, Shaw,

Washington, D.C., 1938

Treasury enforcement of the Harrison Act as a prohibition law

American Medical Association, Narcotics Addiction: Official Actions of the A.M.A., American Medical Association, Chicago, 1963

Anslinger, H. J., and Tompkins, William F., The Traffic in Narcotics, Funk & Wagnalls, New York, 1953

Bishop, E. S., The Narcotic Drug Problem, Macmillan, New York, 1920

Lindesmith, Alfred R., "Dope Fiend Mythology," Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 31 (1940) 199

New York Times, September and October 1923

Schmeckebier, Laurence F., The Bureau of Prohibition, Brookings Institute, Washington, D.C., 1929

CHAPTER 6

(The Supreme Court Intercedes)

1919: constitutionality of Harrison Act upheld, 5 to 4 United States v. Doremus, 249 U.S. 86

1919-22: doctors' right to prescribe severely limited Webb v. United States, 249 U.S. 96 Jin Fuey Moy v. United States, 254 U.S. 189 United State's v. Behrman, 258 U.S. 280

1925: Dr. Linder vindicated in prescribing to addict Linder v. United States, 290 Fed. 173, rev'd, 268 U.S. 5

1928: Harrison Act again upheld, 6 to 3 Nigro v. United States, 276 U.S. 332

CHAPTER 7

(Dr. Ratigan)

Sources

Seattle Times, May-July 1934; October 9-14, 1934; April 1935; August 1936; , June 17 and 18, 1937; et passim,

'Symposium, Narcotics, Law and Contemporary Problems, XXII (Winter 1957), Duke University, Durham, N.C., 1957

CHAPTER 8

(Congressman Coffee and Others)

Sources

Bishop, The Narcotic Drug Problem, see Chapter 5

Congressional Record, May 20, 1938 (App., 2075); June 14, 1938 (App., 2706); September 19, 1940 (App., 5767)

Lindesmith, The Addict and the Law, see Chapter 1

Stevens, Alden, "Make Dope Legal," Harper's, November 1952

Terry and Pellens, The Opium Problem, see Chapter 3

Williams, Drug Addicts Are Human Beings, see Chapter 5

January 19, 1929: Act authorizes federal narcotic "farms," later U.S.

Public Health Service hospitals

P.L. 70-672, 45 Stat. 1085

U.S. House judiciary Committee, "Establishment of Narcotics Farms," Hearings, April 26-28, 1928, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

U.S. House Report, 70-1652

U.S. Senate Report, 70-1353

CHAPTERS 9, 10, 11, 12

(Anslinger and Marijuana)

Sources

Anslinger, H. J., and Oursler, Will, The Murderers: The Story of the Narcotic Gangs, Farrar, Straus & Cudahy, 1961 Meisler, Stanley, "Federal Narcotics Czar," Nation, February 20,

1960

June 14, 1930: Act creating Bureau of Narcotics in the Treasury Department

P.L. 71-357, 46 Stat. 585

August 2, 1937: Marijuana Tax Act

P.L. 75-238, 50 Stat. 551

Anslinger, H. J., and Cooper, C. R., "Marijuana: Assassin of Youth," American, July 1937

Merrill, F. T., Marijuana: The New Dangerous Drug, Foreign Policy Association, Washintgon, D.C., 1938

U.S. House Committee on Ways and Means, "Taxation of Marijuana," Hearings, April 27, 1937, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Walton, Robert P., Marijuana: America's New Drug Problem,

Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1938

The role of the Rowells

Lindesmith, The Addict and the Law, see Chapter I

Rowell, Earl A., Dope Adventures of David Dare, Southern

Publishing Association, Nashville, 1937

Rowell, Earl A., and Rowell, Robert, On the Trail of Marijuana,

The Weed of Madness, Pacific Press, Mountain View, Calif., 1939

1939: Mayor La Guardia's study

Mayor's Committee on Marijuana, The Marijuana Problem in the City of New York: Sociological, Medical, Psychological and Pharmacological Studies, Cattell Press, Lancaster, Pa., 1945

Taylor, Norman, Flight from Reality, Duell, Sloan & Pearce, New York, 1949

Solomon, David, ed., The Marijuana Papers, Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis, 1966 (containing the La Guardia text)

Additional references re marijuana

Advisory Committee on Drug Dependence, Cannabis, H.M. Stationery Office, London, 1968

Bloomquist, E. R., Marijuana, Glencoe, Beverly Hills, Calif.,

1968

Blum, Richard H., and Associates, Society and Drugs, Jossey Bass, San Francisco, 1969

Grinspoon, Lester, Marijuana Reconsidered, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1971

Kaplan, John, Marijuana-The New Prohibition, World, New York, 1970

President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of justice, Task Force Report: Narcotics and Drug Abuse, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1967 Rosevear, John, Pot: A Handbook of Marijuana, Lancer Books,

New York, 1967

Snyder, Solomon H., Uses of Marijuana, Oxford University Press, New York, 1971

U.N. Commission on Narcotic Drugs, Report of 23rd Session, United Nations, New York, 1969

U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee to Investigate juvenile Delinquency, "Juvenile Delinquency" (Part 19, '%.S.D. and Maiijuana Use Among Young People"), Hearings, March 4-6, 1968, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Wolff, Pablo O., Marijuana in Latin America, Linacre Press, Washington, D.C., 1949

1968: Supreme Court invalidates some marijuana penalties Leary v. United States, 395 U.S. 6

June 30, 1970: "Marijuana and Health Reporting Act"

P.L. 91-296 (Title V), 84 Stat. 352

U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, A Report to the Congress-Marijuana and Health, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1971

CHAPTER 13

(The Kefauver Hearings and the Mafia)

Congressman Boggs's (1951) hearings

U.S. House Ways and Means Committee, 'Control of Narcotics, Marijuana, and Barbiturates," Hearings, April 7, 14, and 17, 1951, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Senator Kefauvers (1951) hearings

U.S. Senate Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, "Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce," Hearings, Parts 1-19, May 26, 1950, through August 7, 1951 (with composite index), Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

U.S. Senate Report 81-2370 (Interim)

U.S. Senate Report 82-141 (Second Interim)

U.S. Senate Report 82-307 (Third Interim)

U.S. Senate Report 82-725 (Final)

Kefauver, Estes, Crime in America, Doubleday, New York, 1951

The Mafia

Allen, Woody, "A Look at Organized Crime," The New Yorker, August 15, 1970

King, R., "Wild Shots in the War on Crime," Journal of Public Law, XX, No. 1 (1971) 85

O'Callaghan, Sean, The Drug Traflic, Blond, London, 1967

Reid, Ed, The Grim Reapers, Regnery, New York, 1969

Siragusa, Charles, The Trail of the Poppy, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1966

Washington Post, July 23, 1970; March 25, 1971

November 2, 1951: Boggs Act increases penalties with mandatory minimums

P.L. 82-255, 65 Stat. 767

CHAPTERS 14, 15, 16

(The Daniel Subcommittee and the 1956 Act)

Queries and criticisms of the era

Advisory Council of Judges, Narcotics Law Violations: A Policy Statement, National Council on Crime and Delinquency, New York, 1964

Berg, Roland H., "We're Bungling the Narcotic Problem," Look,

February 1953

Berger, Herbert, "To Dispel the Nightmare of Narcotics," New York Times Magazine, July 8, 1956

Berger, Herbert, and Eggston, Andrew A., "Should We Legalize Narcotics?", Coronet, June 1955

DeMott, Benjamin, "The Great Narcotics Muddle," Harper's,

March 1962

Gerrity, John, "The Truth About the Drug Menace," Harper's, February 1952

Howe, Hubert S., "A Physician's Blueprint for the Management and Prevention of Narcotic Addiction," New York State Journal of Medicine, February 1, 1955

Kobler, John, "The Narcotics Dilemma: Crime or Disease?",

Saturday Evening Post, September 8, 1962

Kolb, Lawrence, "Let's Stop This Narcotics Hysteria!", Saturday Evening Post, July 28, 1956

Lindesmith, Alfred R., "Dope: Congress Encourages the Traffic,' Nation, March 16, 1957

Meisler, "Federal Narcotics Czar," see Chapters 9-12

Murtagh, John M., and Harris, Sara, Who Live in Shadow,

McGraw-Hill, New York, 1959

Rosenthal, Herbert C., "How Much of a Menace Is the Drug Menace?", Pageant, October 1952

Sondern, Frederick, Jr., "This Problem of Narcotic Addiction-

Let's Face It Sensibly," Reader's Digest, September 1959

Stevens, "Make Dope Legal," see Chapter 8

Senator Daniel's hearings

U.S. Senate judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Improvements in the Federal Criminal Code, "Illicit Narcotics Traffic,'

Hearings, Parts 1-10, June 2 through November 25, 1955 (with composite index), Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

U.S. Treasury, Interdepartmental Committee on Narcotics, Report to the President7, February 1, 1956, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Senator Kefauver's (1956) hearings

U.S. Senate judiciary Committee, Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency, "Treatment and Rehabilitation of Juvenile Drug Addicts," Hearings, December 17 and 18, 1956, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Congressman Boggs's (1956) hearings

U.S. House Committee on Ways and Means, '-traffic In, and Control of, Narcotics, Barbiturates, and Amphetamines," Hearings, October 13, 1955, through January 30, 1956, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

The New York session for dissenters

U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Improvements in the Federal Criminal Code; see Senator Daniel's hearings, cited above, Part 5, 1303-2110, September 19-21, 1955

The Daniel Reports and the 1956 Act

U.S. Senate Report 84-1440

U.S. Senate Report 84-1850

"Narcotic Control Act of 1956," P.L. 84-728, 70 Stat. 767

CHAPTER 17

(State Laws and Policies)

June 30, 1906: Food and Drug Act

P.L. 59-384, 34 Stat. 768

Kremers and Urdang, History of Pharmacy, see Chapter 3

Rhodes, Lynwood M., "The Battle for the Nation's Health,"

Today's Health, April 1969

1932: National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws

adopts Uniform Narcotic Drug Act

9B Uniform Laws Annotated 415 (amended 1942, 1952, 1958)

Eldridge, Narcotics and the Law, see Chapter 1

U.S. Senate, Laws Controlling Illicit Narcotics Traffic, Document 84-120, supplemented by document 84-145, 1956

1963: Supreme Court holds statutes punishing addiction per se unconstitutional

Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660

1966: National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws adopts Model State Drug Abuse Control Act

1970: National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws adopts Uniform Controlled Substances Act

CHAPTERS 18, 19

(ABA-AMA and NIH)

The Reports

joint Committee of the American Bar Association and the American Medical Association on Narcotic Drugs, Narcotic Drugs Interim Report (unbound), Crosby, New York, 1958 Lindesmith, Alfred R., ed., Drug Addiction: Crime or Disease?,

Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Ind. 1961

U.S. Treasury, Advisory Committee to the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, Comments on Narcotic Drugs-Interim Report of the American Bar Association and the American Medical Association on Narcotic Drugs, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1958

New York Times, April 30, 1961

Washington Post, March 18, 1960; April 19 and 21, 1961

The Symposium

Livingston, Robert B., ed., Narcotic Drug Addiction Problem (Public Health Service Pub. No. 1050), Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1963

CHAPTER 20

(The British and Others)

Sources

Deedes, William, The Drugs Epidemic, Barnes & Noble, New York, 1970

Larimore, G. W., and Brill, Henry, "The British Narcotic System: Report of Study,' New York State journal of Medicine, January 1, 1960

Lindesmith, The Addict and the Law, see Chapter I

Report to the United Nations by Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the Working of the International Treaties on Narcotic Drugs, United Nations, New York (annual)

*Schur, Edwin M., Narcotic Addiction in Britain and America, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Ind., 1956

1920: Dangerous Drugs Act 10 and 11 Geo. V c. 46 Departmental Committee on Morphine and Heroin Addiction, Report, H.M. Stationery Office, London, 1926

1951: Dangerous Drugs Act

14 and 15 Geo. VI c. 48

Dangerous Drugs Regulations, Duties of Doctors and Dentists under the Dangerous Drugs Act, H.M. Stationery Office, London, 1956

Report of the Interdepartmental Committee, Drug Addiction, H.M. Stationery Office, London, 1961

1964: Drugs (Prevention of Misuse) Act

12 Eliz. II c. 64

Second Report of the Interdepartmental Committee, Drug Addiction, H.M. Stationery Office, London, 1965

1965: Dangerous Drug Act

13 Eliz. II c. 15

1967: Dangerous Drugs Act

15 Eliz. II c. 82

Advisory Committee on Drug Dependence, The Rehabilitation of Drug Addicts, H.M. Stationery- Office, London, 1968 National Health Service, Dangerous Drugs (Notification of Addicts) Regulations, H.M. Stationery Office, London, 1968

1971: Misuse of Drugs Act

19 Eliz. II c. 70

London Times, May 20,1971

May, Edgar, "Drugs Without Crime," Harper's, July 1971

New York Times, March 12 and 30, 1970; December 30, 1970; January 24, 1971; May 20, 1971

Periodic U.N. reports

Session Reports, Commission on Narcotic Drugs Summary of Annual Reports of Governments

Summary of Laws and Regulations Relating to the Control of Narcotic Drugs (English translations)

CHAPTER 21

(International Efforts)

Sources

Eisenlohr, International Narcotics Control, see Chapter 3

Renborg, International Drug Control, see Chapter 3

Siragusa, The Trail of the Po-ppy, see Chapter 13

Taylor, American Diplomacy and the Narcotics Traffic, see Chapter 2

Willoughby, Westel W., Opium as an International Problem,

Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1925

July 13, 1931: Geneva Limitation Convention 48 Stat. 1543

March 30, 1961: Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs

18 U.S. Treaty Ser. 1407

February 21, 1971: Convention on Psychotropic Substances

New York Times, October 3, 1970; January 17, 1971; March 30, 1971; July 1, 1971

U.N. Bulletin on Narcotics, XXIII (July-September 1971) 1 Washington Post, July 23, 1970; November 12, 1970

CHAPTERS 22, 23

(White House Conference and 1963 Commission)

Sources

Ad Hoc Panel on Drug Abuse, Progress Report, The White House, Washington, D.C., September 7, 1962

Los Angeles Times, May 30, 1962

President's Advisory Commission on Narcotic and Drug Abuse, Interim Report, The White House, Washington, D.C., April 3, 1963

Ibid., Final Report, Government Printing Office, Washington,

D.C., 1963

White House Conference on Narcotic and Drug Abuse, Proceedings (with Report of Ad Hoc Panel appended), Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1962

CHAPTER 24

(Rehabilitation)

Sources

Brill, Leon, and others, Rehabilitation in Drug Addiction (Public Health Service Pub. No. 1013), Government Printing Office,

Washington, D.C. (revised, 1964)

Cashel, Daniel H., So Fair a House: The Story of Synanon, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1963

Goodman, Walter, "The Choice for Thousands: Heroin or Methadone?", New York Times Magazine, June 13, 1971 'Nvswander, Marie, The Drug Addict as a Patient, Grune & Stratton, New York, 1956

Warshofsky, Fred, "Methadone: A Drug to Lick a Drug?", Reader's Digest, May 1970

Yablonsky, Lewis, The Tunnel Back: Synanon, Macmillan, New York, 1965

Senator Hennings' Hearings

U.S. Senate Committee on the judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate juvenile Delinquency, "Juvenile Delinquency@ Enforcement of Federal Narcotic Laws," Hearings, Part 7, January 22 and 26, 1960, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Senator Dodd's hearings

U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate juvenile Delinquency, "Juvenile Delinquency," Hearings, May 9 through September 21, 1962, Parts 11, 12, and 13, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Ibid., "Juvenile Delinquency," Hearings, March 4, 5, and 6, 1968, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Ibid., "Narcotics Legislation," Hearings, September 15 through October 20, 1969, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Senator Hughes's hearings

See citations for Chapter 1

November 8, 1966: "Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act"

P.L. 89-793, 80 Stat. 1438

U.S. House Committee on the judiciary, Subcommittee No. 4, "Treatment and Rehabilitation of Narcotics Addicts," Hearings, June 23 and 30, 1971, September 21-30, 1971, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

CHAPTERS 25, 26

(Dangerous Drugs and the 1956 Amendments)

Sources

Blum, Richard, and Associates, Utopiates-The Use and Users of LSD-25, Atherton, New York, 1964

Geller and Boas, The Drug Beat, see Chapter 1

Harris, Richard, The Real Voice, Macmillan, New York, 1964 Mintz, Morton, By Prescription Only, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1967

Russo, J. Robert, ed., Amphetamine Abuse, Thomas, Springfield, Ill., 1968

Taylor, Narcotics: Nature's Dangerous Gifts, see Chapter 1 July 15, 1965: 'Drug Abuse Control Amendments"

P.L. 89-74, 79 Stat. 226

U.S. Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Subcommittee on Health, "Control of Psychotoxic Drugs," Hearings, August 3, 1964, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. U.S. House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee, "Drug Abuse Control Amendments of 1965." Hearings, January 27 through February 10, 1965, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

U.S. Senate Report 89-337

U.S. House Report 89-130

Senator Robert Kennedys hearings

U.S. Senate Committee on Government Operations, Subcommittee on Executive Reorganization, "Organization and Coordination of Federal Drug Research and Regulatory Programs: LSD," Hearings, May 24-26, 1966, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

October 24, 1968: Act increasing penalties for hallucinogen ogenses

P.L. 90-639, 82 Stat. 1361

U.S. House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Subcommittee on Public Health and Welfare, "Increased Controls over Hallucinogens and Other Dangerous Drugs," Hearings, February 19 through March 19, 1968, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

U.S. House Report 90-1546

U.S. Senate Report 90-1609

Congressman Pepper's hearings

U.S. House Select Committee on Crime:

"Crime in America-Views on Marijuana" (October 14 and 15, 1969)

"Crime in America-Drug Abuse and Criminal justice" (September 25 and 26, 1969)

"Crime in America-Illicit and Dangerous Drugs" (October 23-27,1969)

"Crime in America-Why 8 Billion Amphetamines?" (November 18, 1969)

"Crime in America-The Heroin Paraphernalia Trade" (October 5 and 6, 1970)

'Crime in America-Heroin Importation, Distribution, Packaging and Paraphernalia" (June 25-30, 1970)

Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

U.S. House Report 91-978 (Marijuana)

U.S. House Report 91-1807 (Amphetamines)

U.S. House Report 91-1808 (Heroin)

CHAPTERS 27, 28

(D-Men and the 1970 Act)

Sources

President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of justice, The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1966 National Commission on Reform of Federal Criminal Laws, Final Report (Proposed New Federal Criminal Code), Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1971

Ibid., Working Papers (Report on Drug Offenses), Vol. II, 10591165 (1970)

April 8, 1968: Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1968 creates new Bureau in Justice Department

33 Federal Register 5611 (April 11, 1968)

Congressional Record, April @, 1968

U.S. House Committee on Government Operations, "Reorganization Plan No. I of 1968," Hearings, March 19-21, 1968, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

U.S. House Document 90-249

U.S. House Report 90-1214

October 27, 1970: 1970 Drug Act signed

See citations in Chapter I and under Senator Dodd's hearings in Chapter 24

CHAPTERS 29, 30

(Contemporary Scene and Future Outlook)

The armed forces

U.S. House Armed Services Committee, "Alleged Drug Abuse in the Armed Services," Hearings, September 20 through December 15, 1970, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Ibid., "Inquiry into Alleged Drug Abuse in the Armed Services" (Report of Special Subcommittee), April 23, 1971, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

U.S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs, "World Heroin Problem: Report of Special Study Mission," May 27, 1971, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

New York Times, May 13 and 17, 1971; June 6, 23, and 24, 1971; August 15, 197 1; et passim

The senators' New York adventure

New York Times, June 26, 1971

The District of Columbia police scandal

Healy, Paul F., "They Got the Goods on Washington's Cops," Saturday Evening Post, September 27, 1952

U.S. Senate Report 82-1989

The 1971 methadone restrictions

Notice re proposed rule-making, 35 Federal Register 9014, 15 (June 11, 1970)

Regulation and "Guidelines," 36 Federal Register 6075 (April 2, 1971)

The 1971 restriction on physicians' rights to prescribe

Treasury Decision 7076, 36 Federal Register 6081 (April 2, 1971)

April 24, 1971: comprehensive BNDD -regulations for registrants

36 Federal Register 7776-7826 (April 24, 1971)

December 3, 1970: "Drug Abuse Education Act of 1970"

P.L. 91-527, 84 Stat. 1385

U.S. Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Special Subcommittee on Alcoholism and Narcotics, "Drug Abuse Education Act," Hearing, August 27, 1970, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

U.S. House Report 91-599

U.S. Senate Report 91-1244

June 17, 1971: creation of Special Action Office for Drug Abuse

Prevention

U.S. House Document 92-131

Executive Order No. 11599, 36 Federal Register 11793 (June 19, 1971)

January 28, 1972: creation of Office of Drug Abuse Law Enforcement

Executive Order No. 11641, 37 Federal Register 2421 (February 1, 1972)

The foundations

Report, Dealing with Drug Abuse, Praeger, New York, 1972

Contemporary evaluation

Brecher, Edward M., and others, Licit and Illicit Drugs: The Consumers Union Report, Little Brown, Boston, 1972

Duster, Troy, The Legislation of Morality, Free Press, New York, 1970

Packer, Herbert L., The Limits of the Criminal Sanction, Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif., 1968

Schur, Edwin M., Crimes Without Victims, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1965

Skolnick, Jerome H., Coercion to Virtue, American Bar Foundation, Chicago, 1968

MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES

(For Direct Inquiries)

Addiction Research Foundation

33 Russell Street

Toronto 4, Ontario, Canada

Addiction Services Agency

71 Worth Street

New York, N.Y. 10013

American Bar Association

and

American Bar Foundation

1155 East 60th Street

Chicago, M. 60637

American Medical Association

535 North Dearborn Street

Chicago, Ill. 60610

Baywood Publishers

1 Northwest Drive

Farmingdale, N.Y. 11735

Publication: Drug Forum (quarterly)

Journal of Drug Education (quarterly)

British Information Service

845 Third Avenue

New York, N.Y. 10022

Capitol Region Drug Information Center 179 Allyn Street

Hartford, Conn. 06103

Commission of Inquiry

into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs 100 Metcalfe Street

Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Community Organization

for Drug Abuse Control (CODAC) 4 Aldwyn Center

Villanova, Pa. 19085

Drug Abuse Council, Inc. 1828 L Street, N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20036

Drugs Branch, Home Office

Romney House

Marsham. Street

London SW1, England

Haight-Ashbury Free Medical Clinic 558 Clayton Street

San Francisco, Calif. 94117

Publication: Journal of Psychedelic Drugs (semiannual)

Institute for the Study of Drug Addiction 680 West End Avenue

New York, N.Y. 10025

Publication: The International Journal of the Addictions (quarterly)

International Council on Alcohol and Addictions Case Postal 140

1001 Lausanne, Switzerland

Lower East Side Service Center 46 East Broadway

New York, N.Y. 10002

National Association for the Prevention of Addiction to Narcotics (NAPAN) 175 Fifth Avenue New York N.Y. 10010