Canadian Senate
Special Committee on Illegal Drugs
37th Parliament, 1st Session
(January 29, 2001 - September 16, 2002)
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
VOLUME I
PART I -
GENERAL ORIENTATION
CHAPTER
1 - OUR MANDATE
WORDING
ORIGINS
INTERPRETATION
CHAPTER
2 - OUR WORK
TWO
WORKING PRINCIPLES
STATE OF
KNOWLEDGE
Research
Program
Expert
Witnesses
The
Challenge of Synthesis
TAKING
OPINIONS INTO ACCOUNT
INTERPRETING
IN LIGHT OF PRINCIPLES
CHAPTER
3 - OUR GUIDING PRINCIPLES
ETHICS,
OR THE PRINCIPLE OF RECIPROCAL AUTONOMY
GOVERNANCE: MAXIMIZING THE ACTIONS OF INDIVIDUALS
Collective
governance
Governance
of the self
The role
of governance
CRIMINAL
LAW AND THE LIMITS OF PROHIBITION
Requirement
for distinctions
Criteria
for distinction
Application
to illegal drugs issues
SCIENCE
OR APPROXIMATE KNOWLEDGE
CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER
4 - A CHANGING CONTEXT
CHANGES
IN THE INTERNATIONAL SPHERE
Globalization
and Integration
Difficulties
of the Security Debate
From
Anti-Drug Policies to Drug Policies
CHANGES
IN CANADA
Judicial
Activism
A
National Crime Prevention Strategy
The
Fight Against Organized Crime
A
SOCIETAL DEBATE
PART II
- CANNABIS: EFFECTS, TYPES OF USE, ATTITUDES
CHAPTER
5 - CANNABIS: FROM PLANT TO JOINT
ONE
PLANT, VARIOUS DRUGS
CANNABIS
ROADs
PROPERTIES
OF CANNABIS
D9THC
Concentrations
Pharmacokinetics
CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER
6 - USERS AND USES: FORM, PRACTICE, CONTEXT
PATTERNS
OF USE
Consumption
by the population as a whole
Consumption
among young people
Use
patterns in other countries
Use Patterns in Europe
To
summarize
PATTERNS
AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF USE
Cannabis
in History
Trajectories
of Use
Factors
Related to Use
To
summarize
STEPPING
STONE TOWARDS OTHER DRUGS?
CANNABIS,
VIOLENCE AND CRIME
CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER
7 - CANNABIS: EFFECTS AND CONSEQUENCES
EFFECTS
AND CONSEQUENCES OF CANNABIS: WHAT WE WERE TOLD
ACUTE
EFFECTS OF CANNABIS
CONSEQUENCES
OF CHRONIC USE
Physiological
Consequences of Chronic Use
Cognitive
and Psychological Consequences
Behavioural
and Social Consequences
TOLERANCE
AND DEPENDENCE
Cannabis
Dependence
Severity
of Dependence
Tolerance
To
summarize
CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER
8 - DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF CANNABIS
FORMS OF
TESTING
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
DATA
Studies
not involving accidents
Studies
where an accident was involved
Epidemiological
studies on youth
Risk
assessment
EXPERIMENTAL
STUDIES
Non-driving
activities
While
driving
CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER
9 - USE OF MARIJUANA FOR THERAPEUTIC PURPOSES
HISTORY
CONTEMPORARY
KNOWLEDGE
Therapeutic
uses
Marijuana
as a drug?
CURRENT
THERAPEUTIC PRACTICES
CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER
10 - CANADIANS' OPINIONS AND ATTITUDES
THE
MEDIA
SURVEYS
ATTITUDES
AND OPINIONS SHARED WITH THE COMMITTEE
CONCLUSIONS
VOLUME
II
PART III
- POLICIES AND PRACTICES IN CANADA
CHAPTER
11 - A NATIONAL DRUG STRATEGY?
PHASE I
- DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION
Creation
of the Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse
Creation
of Canada's Drug Strategy Secretariat
PHASE II
- RENEWAL
PHASE
III - RENEWAL WITHOUT SPECIFIED FUNDING
CANADA'S
DRUG STRATEGY - A SUCCESS?
CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER
12 - THE NATIONAL LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT
1908-1960:
HYSTERIA
Opium
Act, 1908
The
Opium and Narcotic Drug Act, 1911
Amendments
to the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act (1920-1938)
Amendments
to the Act to Amend the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act in 1954
Senate
Report of 1955
FROM
1960 TO THE LE DAIN COMMISSION: THE SEARCH FOR REASONS
Narcotic
Control Act (1961)
An Act
respecting Food and Drugs and Barbiturates (1961)
The Le
Dain Commission (1969-1973)
The special report on cannabis
Bill
S-19 and Cannabis
AFTER LE
DAIN: FORGING AHEAD REGARDLESS
Controlled
Drugs and Substances Act
Part I: Offences and Punishment
Part II: Enforcement
Part III – Disposal of Controlled Substances
Part III – Disposal of Controlled Substances
Part VI – General
CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER
13 - REGULATING THERAPEUTIC USE OF CANNABIS
BACKGROUND
TO THE RECENT REGULATIONS
Section
56 - Controlled Drugs and Substances Act
Charter
Challenges - Therapeutic Use of Marijuana
Government
Reaction
MARIHUANA
MEDICAL ACCESS REGULATIONS
Authorization
to Possess
Licence
to Produce
Other
Provisions
COMPASSIONATE
ACCESS?
Eligibility
Access
to cannabis
Products
Costs
RESEARCH
PLAN
Scientific
Research
Research-Grade
Marijuana
CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER
14 - POLICE PRACTICES
ENFORCEMENT
AGENCIES
RCMP
CHARGES
UNDER THE CONTROLLED DRUGS AND SUBSTANCES ACT IN 1999
TheCanada
Customs and Revenue Agency
Provincial
and Municipal Police
COSTS
POLICE
POWERS
Searches
and Seizures
Entrapment
and Illegal Activity
Conclusion
STATISTICS
Reported
Incidents
Charges
Concerns
Customs
Act - Fines
SEIZURES
CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER
15 - THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
PROSECUTION
COURTS
Drug
Treatment Courts
DISPOSITION
AND SENTENCING
Criminal record
CORRECTIONS
CRIMINAL
RECORD
COURT
CHALLENGES
CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER
16 - PREVENTION
INITIATIVES
THAT FALL SHORT OF THE MARK
Not
enough prevention
Prevention
lacks focus
There is
not enough evaluation of preventive measures
Preventive
and social messages in contradiction
There is
a body of knowledge on which we have to draw
PREVENTING
WHAT AND HOW?
RISK
REDUCTION AND HARM REDUCTION
CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER
17 - TREATMENT PRACTICES
CANNABIS
DEPENDENCY
FORMS OF
TREATMENT
EFFECTIVENESS
OF TREATMENT
CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER
18 - OBSERVATIONS ON PRACTICES
DIFFICULTIES
IN HARMONIZING THE PLAYERS
INCONGRUITIES
OF APPROACH
SIGNIFICANT
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COSTS
Conclusions
VOLUME
III
PART IV
- PUBLIC POLICY OPTIONS
CHAPTER
19 - THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ENVIRONMENT
A
GENEALOGY
The 1909
Shanghai Conference
The 1912
Hague International Opium Convention
The 1925
Geneva Opium Conventions
The 1931
Geneva Narcotics Manufacturing and Distribution Limitation Convention / 1931
Bangkok Opium Smoking Agreement
The 1936
Geneva Convention for the Suppression of the Illicit Traffic in Dangerous Drugs
The
Second World War
The 1946
Lake Success Protocol
The 1948
Paris Protocol
The 1953
New York Opium Protocol
Multilateral Agreements on Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances
THE
THREE CURRENT CONVENTIONS
The
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961
Convention
on Psychotropic Substances
Protocol
amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961
Convention
against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
SOME
LEEWAY?
CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER
20 - PUBLIC POLICIES IN OTHER COUNTRIES
FRANCE
Different
Forms of Logic
An
Integrated Public Policy
Legislative
Framework
Key
Reports
Statistics
on Use and Offences
Costs
THE
NETHERLANDS
Dutch
Pragmatism?
Essential
Experts Reports
Legislation
The
Coffee Shop System
Data on
Use
UNITED
KINGDOM
Ten-Year
Strategy to Battle Drugs
Legislative
Framework
Other
Relevant Legislation in the Field of Drug Misuse
Debate
in the UK
Recent
Key Reports and Studies
Administration
Costs
Statistics
SWEDEN
National
Strategy
Legislative
Framework
Debate
in Sweden
Recent
Reports
Costs
Administration
Statistics
SWITZERLAND
A Harm
Reduction Policy
The
Legal Framework
A Bill
to Decriminalize Cannabis
Administration
of Swiss Drug Policy
Statistics
on Narcotics Use and Offences under the Narcotics Act
AUSTRALIA
National
Drug Strategy
Legislative
Framework
Decriminilization
in Australia
Administration
Statistics
UNITED
STATES
The
Federal-State Legislative Framework
Current
Legislation and Enforcement
Federal
Drug Policy Goals and Objectives
Administration
of the Policy
Current
Issues and Debates
Statistics
CHAPTER
21 - PUBLIC POLICY OPTIONS
INEFFECTIVENESS
OF CRIMINAL POLICIES
Impact
on Consumption
Impact
on Supply
Conclusion
GENERAL
ECONOMY OF A PUBLIC POLICY ON CANNABIS
COMPONENTS
OF A PUBLIC POLICY
Strong
Decision-making Body
Interconnection
A Shared
Definition of Shared Objectives
Information
Tools
LEGISLATIVE
OPTIONS
Clarification
of criminology
Criteria
for a Legal Policy on Cannabis
CONCLUSIONS
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
LE DAIN
- ALREADY THIRTY YEARS AGO
INEFFECTIVENESS
OF THE CURRENT APPROACH
PUBLIC
POLICY BASED ON GUIDING PRINCIPLES
Recommendations
A CLEAR
AND COHERENT FEDERAL STRATEGY
NATIONAL
STRATEGY SUSTAINED BY ADEQUATE RESOURCES AND TOOLS
A PUBLIC
HEALTH POLICY
A
REGULATORY APPROACH TO CANNABIS
A
COMPASSION-BASED APPROACH FOR THERAPEUTIC USE
PROVISIONS
FOR OPERATING A VEHICLE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF CANNABIS
RESEARCH
CANADA'S
INTERNATIONAL POSITION
PROPOSALS
FOR IMPLEMENTING THE REGULATION OF CANNABIS FOR THERAPEUTIC AND RECREATIONAL
PURPOSES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
VOLUME
IV
APPENDICES
Glossary
of key terms
